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Quantitative Reasoning Statistical Basics

Measures of Central Tendency Measures of central tendency are the specific statistical values which describe the typical values or central position of a dataset. The three most common single statistical values include Mean, Median and Mode. Arithmetic Mean : Average of all values (sum divided by count). Geometric Mean : nth root of the product of values (used for growth rates). Harmonic Mean : The Reciprocal of the average of reciprocals (used for rates like speed). Median : Middle value when data is ordered. Quartiles : Values dividing data into four equal parts (Q1=25th, Q2=50th=median, Q3=75th percentile). Mode : Most frequent value. Measures of Dispersion Range : Difference between maximum and minimum values. Quartile Deviation : Half the interquartile range (Q3 - Q1)/2. Mean Deviation : Average absolute deviation from the mean. Variance : Average squared deviation from the mean. Standard Deviation : Square root of variance (spread in original units). Coefficient of Varia...

Introduction to Pedagogical Approaches and Teaching Styles/Techniques (Teaching Practice B.Ed Hons Level Course)

Brief Introduction to Pedagogical Approaches and Teaching Styles/Techniques Pedagogy involves the specific technique, art and science of teaching. Pedagogy is a process of infusing/injecting knowledge into the minds of learners. It includes the theories, methods, and practices used to help students learn. Similarly, pedagogical approaches and teaching styles or techniques are frameworks and strategies that teachers use to meet the different needs of learners, promote engagement, and reach educational goals. For both, teachers and learners, pedagogy covers all the important aspects including knowledge acquisition, knowledge developing and knowledge creation as Suggested by UNESCO's Framework 2030 . These approaches vary based on their philosophical foundations, specific learner contexts, and desired outcomes. Below is an overview of major pedagogical approaches, teaching styles, techniques, and the importance of adapting to context. Overview of Major Pedagogical Approaches Pe...

Theoretical Foundations of Learning (Teaching Practice Course) for B.Ed Hons Level

Introduction to Theoretical Foundations of Learning The theoretical foundations of learning include various models from psychology and education that explain how people acquire, process, retain, and use knowledge. These theories offer frameworks for understanding learning processes and influence teaching methods, curriculum design, and instructional strategies. They draw from fields like psychology, neuroscience, and pedagogy. Over time, these theories have evolved to address different aspects of human development, ranging from observable behaviours to internal thinking and social interactions. Key theories include behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, connectivism, and social learning theory. Below, I am going to mention in detail each theory, outlining core principles, key theorists, mechanisms of learning, historical context when relevant, and practical applications in education. Behaviourism Behaviourism considers learning as a change in observ...

Important SPSS Tests, Procedures and Purposes

Important SPSS Tests, Procedures & Purposes: A Quantitative Reasoning Course Perspective for Undergraduate Students SPSS provides a wide range of statistical tests for quantitative research and analysis. It is a popular software used to explore and interpret quantitative data. Many different tests are available, but some of the most common are listed below. New researchers should familiarise themselves with these important tests before starting their research and analysing results from a quantitative perspective. While choosing a statistical test in SPSS, consider the number of variables you are analysing, the type of data for each variable (such as Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale ), and whether your data meets the requirements of parametric tests. The following table summarises some common tests in SPSS to help you select the right one for your analysis. Let's now look into these key SPSS tests . Pilot Testing Pilot testing is a small-scale trial run of a re...

21st-Century Pedagogical Competencies: Teaching Practice B.Ed Honours Level - II Course

21st-Century Pedagogical Competencies In 21st-century teaching and learning, changes are happening due to the integration of Information Communication and Technology ( ICT ). Both teachers and learners therefore, need to respond to these shifts in education in 21st Century. An important change involves Teaching Pedagogy. The shift from traditional teaching methods to techno-pedagogical approaches is currently a major focus. Essentially, 21st Century Pedagogical Competencies are the skills teachers must develop to prepare students for today’s world. 🎯 1. Key Competencies ( 4Cs ) These are the main skills that students (and teachers) need to build keeping in the SDG-4 and dynamics of education in the 21st century: Creativity The ability to generate new ideas, solve problems in innovative ways, and think outside the box. Teachers support this by encouraging exploration and project-based tasks. Critical Thinking The ability to analy...