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Shaheed Allah Bux Soomro: The Most Prominent Politician of Sindh, Founder of Sindh Itehad Party, and Proponent of Hindu-Muslim Unity.  Introduction: The actual name of Shaheed Allah Bux Soomro was Allah Bux Muhammad Umer Soomro who was born in a middle class landlord family back in 1900, in Shikarpur, Sindh. Though his father was a contractor, Allah Bux Soomro showed his intentions towards politics by joining Jacobabad Municipality while he was just 23 years old. He was elected as a member for Local Board Sukkur District when he was just 28 years old. At the age of 30, Allah Bux Soomro became the president of Local Board Government of Sukkur District due to his honesty and exceptional political capabilities.  In 1931, Shaheed Allah Bux Soomro earned a title of "Little Khan Bahadur" due to his abilities to run the public affairs with honesty, passion, and dedication. Later on, Allah Bux Soomro served twice being the Chief Minister of Sindh during 1938 to 1940, and 1941 to 1942...

Arrival of Islam in South Asia; Its Historical Perspective  The arrival of Islam in South Asia through Sindh in 711-12 AD, led by Muhammad Bin Qasim, marks a significant moment in history. While it's commonly believed that this invasion was a deliberate effort to spread Islam, the reality is much more different than that. Historians mostly agree that Islam came to South Asia in 712 AD but religious clerics have their own interpretations which are contradictory to the view of historians. Historically, there's a divide in interpretations. Some hail Raja Dahir as a hero for resisting Arab invasion, while others see Muhammad Bin Qasim as a liberator, freeing oppressed communities like the Shudras, Dalits, and Adivasis (low caste Hindus) from Brahmans and Pandits (upper class) caste oppression.  The backdrop to this invasion reveals a complex narrative. Arab traders, mainly from Baghdad, often travelled towards South Asia via sea routes, with Sailon (modern-day Sri Lanka) serving a...

The Decline of the Muslim Empires: Examining Internal and External Factors Introduction The Muslim empires of the Middle Ages, including the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire, once stood as formidable powers on the global stage. However, over time, these empires experienced a gradual decline that eventually led to their downfall.  The causes of this decline have been a subject of historical debate, with scholars analyzing whether these were primarily due to internal factors such as governance and economic issues or external factors such as foreign invasions and changing global dynamics.  Similarly, some critics believe that one of the major causes of the downfall of the three Islamic empires was incompetent leadership that ignored the ever changing dynamics of the geopolitical world. This essay aims to explore and evaluate both internal and external factors that contributed to the downfall of the Muslim empires. Internal Factors Governance and Leadershi...

  1.      Which ancient civilization is associated with the city of Moen-jo-Daro? a)      Indus Valley Civilization b)      Mesopotamian Civilization c)      Egyptian Civilization d)      Roman Civilization   2.      What river is situated near the ancient city of Moen-jo-Daro? a)      Ganges River b)      Nile River c)      Indus River d)      Tigris River   3.      The Aryans are believed to have migrated into the Indian subcontinent from which direction? a)      North b)      South c)      East d)      West   4.      Which ancient Indian texts are associated with the Aryan civilization and provide insights into...