TIPS TO CONDUCT QUALITATIVE RESARCH

Qualitative Research Conducting Tips

 

WHAT IS THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (QR)?

Particularly in relation to education, qualitative research is truly ever-evolving, leading to a variety of investigations and, as a result, there are so many new things coming out of the crate that the actual setting for teaching and learning in the current world has changed. 

Naturally, the QR, a cycle of natural research that seeks an inside-out comprehension of social interaction within its regular presence, is something that has altered the actual teaching and learning environment. 

Subjective research primarily focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of any friendly marvels and relies on people's immediate and direct interactions as important making specialists in their everyday lives.

 For the purpose of investigating human marvels, subjective analysts employ various cycles of inquiry, such as history, contextual analysis, verifiable examination, talk investigation, ethnography, grounded hypothesis, and phenomenology, in order to identify such friendly wonders. 

When we talk about an educational setting, QR is built on crucial or precise information that the analyst has gathered from direct perception, interviews, polls, center gatherings, member perception, and accounts made in typical settings, reports, and other relics. 

In contrast to the quantitative examination, the majority of the information gathered during the subjective exploration is not numerical. In subjective research, scientists typically focus on how people perceive their social reality (Flick, 2018).

As a result, QR can be used to observe how people interact with and perceive the world around them. There are a variety of methodologies for subjective research, but all of them are adaptable and centered on preserving rich significance while explaining information. 

The compassionating of a test question is emphasized as an unconventional, sensible, or optimistic approach in QR. Understanding a person's beliefs, experiences, perspectives, practices, and associations requires the application of a variety of subjective methods. An investigation method that is receiving more and more consideration across academic fields is the combination of subjective investigation and mediation research. 

Although QR was initially viewed as logically inconsistent with exploratory research, it is now utilized for its capacity to add an additional measurement to interventional considerations that cannot be obtained through factor estimation alone (Schonfeld, & Mazzola, 2015). 

At first, researchers used QR primarily for mental purposes, believing that it was developed to numerically evaluate human behavior. From that point on, QR is prepared for use in other areas of exploration as well. In clinical exploration, the subjective methodology can assist in expanding one's perspective on the data. 

Increasing client participation strengthens clinical preliminary processes. In addition, QR may unmistakably be dedicated to well-being research. According to Kalu & Bwalya (2017), subjective exploration may have a significant impact on the selection of information, its examination, and the comprehension of results in clinical preliminary studies.

WHY & HOW TO CONDUCT THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?

In qualitative research, the methods are set up to show how an intended interest group acts and thinks about a particular topic. An inside-out conversation, center gatherings, ethnographic investigation, content examination, and contextual analysis research are all common QR strategies. 

The outcomes of subjective strategies are more convincing, and the derivations can be effectively derived from the collected data. QR strategies were first developed in the social and behavioral sciences. The world of today is more complicated, and it's difficult to see and comprehend people's perspectives. Online subjective examination methods make it clearer because it is more open and graphic (Hays & Mckibben, 2021).

WHEN IS THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REQUIRED?

Little is known or in place, and members' experiences (convictions, inspirations, and feelings) can help us understand complex situations or social cycles. We can also develop a hypothesis or speculation based on the information we have and fully comprehend marvels. 

The untidiness of life is being coordinated by you: However, due to the fact that surveys and studies typically do not provide exact results, some of the results should cause concern. These subjective investigations typically do not yield exact results (Rignsoever, 2017). 

What you ask and how you ask it (the method to use) are the foundations of science. QR participants frequently respond, but their actions and thoughts are completely different. Numerous studies have demonstrated how flawed qualitative data dependence is. 

Participants frequently state what they think they want or what comes to mind first. But if you dig deeper, you find that there is much more to the story than you initially thought and that what they think they want or why they choose a product or service is not the real motivation.

 Therefore, despite the fact that it is essential to accept that the majority of QR members are not maliciously lying, it occurs frequently enough to prompt you to seriously consider the reasons behind it and the actions that should be taken. Additionally, it is entirely possible that they do not recall a response. 

If you ask someone if they will buy from you again in the future or sign up for your services, you are probably going to get a positive response that doesn't necessarily reflect the real future. One example stands out from all of them: a clear plan for a subjective examination strategy that didn't work.

According to Schonfeld & Mazzola (2015), some inquiries shouldn't be asked in that particular way or in a way that nearly elicits a particular type of response, leading to a greater number of falsehoods.

Therefore, we should isolate the reasons why people lie and what ought to be possible. Members care about how they look: People shun appearing as though they are worse off than others when demographical, pay, and business subtleties are inquired about. 

Members must maintain appropriate social behavior: People will typically tell lies about their circumstances if there is something that is socially unacceptable. Take democracy as an example: being a resident who does not participate in or cast a ballot is socially unsettling. 

Members are also delicate: Members may reveal misrepresentations regarding the actual factors they manage as a result of social and individual inquiries, which may include illegal practices. Members must "help:" They are not malicious. They will provide the response they accept the investigation "needs" to please or assist them if they believe that is the appropriate response the examination needs to hear. 

Members are human, so they are envious: They will shape the response to address their issues if they believe there is something in it for them. Okay, the subjective examination is still priceless despite the fact that this is a little debilitating. The key is the method for using it, using what strategy, and how to guide and separate it (Teeter at el., 2016) 

TIPS TO CONDUCT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Make a goal: Never begin subjective exploration activities without first focusing on what you want to learn and achieve. If you don't, you won't be able to come up with the right question, instrument, or additional setting to lead your examination. 

If you are aware of your goal and are familiar with the various methods for leading subjective exploration and how to use those methods; you will get a better score on the exam, which will be covered in more detail later in this blog. Finally, the research method you choose will depend on your goal and help you figure out which cycles to follow for the best results. 

Last but not least, one component of your goals ought to include the names of the members you are concentrating on. Tossing a wide net to all visitors to a website is less important than selecting a subset based on the question or questions asked (Williams & Moser, 2019).

2. Consider the Result: Very few potential items or outcomes can be discovered through subjective examination. The outcomes are extremely dependent on the kind of subjective investigation you lead. Some of the outcomes you can anticipate are as follows:

• Recurring topics and hypotheses 
• Survey instrument measurements 
• Taxonomies 
• Conceptual models (hypotheses)

 As Albert Einstein once stated, "Not all that can be checked tallies; It is impossible to check every check." One thing about subjective research is that it never focuses on numbers but rather on the overall significance. You are observing a specific aspect of your mental or social life. 

According to (Esser & Mortensen, 2019): When you share the results of subjective client research projects, you're probably trying to understand how people live their lives, what they need to do, and how they should work together to get what they want or need to be done." So, what significance does this have for you? 

First of all, there are some important considerations to keep in mind that will help you better interpret the data: Don't hold out hope for a single response. There will always be a large number of documents that you need to decipher. Don't look at the data through the lens of a quantitative evaluation because it doesn't actually make you happy. 

You are just telling a story. Your narrative may not be immediately apparent; Regardless, it must be feasible and reasonable, and in the event that you require some reality and a more solid argument: It is supported by quantitative data (Pernecky, 2016).

3. Better comprehend the responses if you know the context: The fact that subjective information is relative is an important consideration. Truth need not be complete in order to be convincing. Finally, keep in mind that many facts are relative, especially information that is subjective.

 According to Gough & Deatrick (2015), you must therefore comprehend and consider the context when leading and dissecting the information derived from subjective exploration.

4. Context: Understanding why visitors respond in the manner that they do will be easier if you know where they came from and how they got there. Breaking down the sources of traffic that brought visitors to your site in the first place is a great place to start. This makes it much easier for you to comprehend their excursion.

5. Prevent bias: Subjective information that is tainted by the predisposition cannot be circumvented. Subjective information is remarkable in the opposite of quantitative information, which appreciates a pure truth because numbers will always be numbers. The setting is important when you try to check people's predispositions in your example group.

6. Subjectivity: We frequently assert that moving from subjectivity to objectivity and making changes based on information is essential to improvement. Nevertheless, it is essential to understand that subjective information is extremely emotional throughout the examination cycle. 

To give objectivity to a particular issue that you discovered, you need to attempt to torture a portion of that subjective information with investigation or other subjective information.

Eliminate Researcher Bias

Everyone around you is biased. However, as an analyst, this tendency can disrupt the general flow of asking the right questions and observing different points of view. Given the circumstances, our recommendation is to prepare some sort of survey or agenda before beginning the investigation to ensure excellent reflexivity: 

Take into account five assumptions about how members will perceive you. What implications will that have for the appropriate responses they provide now that you are the organization asking? Then, as a scientist, think about the five factors that influence how you investigate information. 

As a scientist, think about what assumptions you have about people, places, or businesses, and how those assumptions might affect how you look at the data. This brings us to two significant terms that every person who conducts subjective research should be familiar with: Galdas (2017) discusses epistemology and ontology.

1. Ontology: 

It refers specifically to the contrast between the nature of exploration and the truth. Scientists' philosophical doubts about the concept of the real world are also included in philosophy (Pernecky, 2016).

2. Epistemology:

The terms "what is possible to know" and "how we can create significant information" are used in epistemology. As a result, in epistemology, we typically examine the expert's presumptions regarding the best questions to ask to discover the truth. Understanding that you also have a predisposition is made easier when you keep an eye on these two terms. 

Having knowledge of it and the tools to fight it can give you a better chance to make sure your research is clean. Understanding these two terms will assist you in developing "three central exploration questions:

• The question of ontological: What are the real world's structure and characteristics? How does ontology research aid in understanding the world?
• The epistemological investigation: What is the fundamental belief regarding information (what is known?)? If the information is accurate, how can we use it?
• The methodological investigation: What can the exploration approach do to help her find out what she believes can be known?"

3. Attention to subjectivity:

Eventually, analysts frequently make the mistake of incorporating accounts, suspicions, and characteristics into the research they lead. As analysts, we should intentionally practice reflexivity because of this. Reflexivity refers to the intelligent cycle in which a specialist considers the delivery method of discoveries, previous information, and our role in them.

4. Recognize the concept of "Who":

The second most important idea is "Who" your research's focus is. While large groups of people are often randomly tested in quantitative research, selecting more specific examples for subjective research has a lot more justification and clarity. The examples should be less irregular because they are smaller.

5. Choose the appropriate method for qualitative research: 

The selection of the appropriate QR method is so crucial that finding the appropriate solutions to problems is impossible without it. In point of fact, every aspect of QR is so crucial that it is impossible to arrive at a conclusion that addresses the posed issues and offers solutions if one does not understand its significance.   

6. Making the appropriate inquiries: 

It's just as important to choose the right QR and ask the right, contextually relevant questions. Researchers frequently make mistakes when it comes to asking the right questions, which is why research takes different negative turns.  

7. Analyze the qualitative data:

Who is the social scientist, how is research carried out, what happens to the data once it has been gathered, who stands to benefit from these advancements, and who is in danger? 

What are these threats all about? According to Hesse, et al.,  (2019), fundamental consideration must be given to the question of whether Big Data itself spurs a new era of subjective investigation or only accelerates long-standing cycles and patterns in subjective sociology.

What are the Qualitative Research Approaches?

A holistic approach to directing subjective exploration is the focus of qualitative research. It depicts, either explicitly or verifiably, the purpose of the subjective investigation, the researcher's position, the examination phases, and the method for information investigation. Ngozwana (2018) presents four of the most important subjective methodologies in this section.

1. Ethnography: 

The humanities are typically the source of the ethnographic approach to subjective examination. Ethnography places an emphasis on considering culture as a whole. The concept of culture was initially associated with nationality and geographical location (for example, the way of life of the Trobriand Islands), but it has since been broadened to include virtually any group or association. 

That is, we can think about a company or a particular group's "way of life" (like a Rotary club, for example). The field of ethnography encompasses a significant amount of territory and a remarkable variety of specialists and methods. Nevertheless, member perception as a component of field research is the most well-known ethnographic methodology. 

As a functioning member, the ethnographer is inundated with information and takes extensive field notes. An ethnographic investigation does not have a real endpoint and does not have a predetermined limit on what will be observed, as with the grounded hypothesis (Allan, 2020).

2. Phenomenology: 

Phenomenology is viewed solely as a means of addressing subjective philosophy from a philosophical point of view. It has a long history in some social science, social work, and brain science examination fields. Phenomenology is a way of thinking that emphasizes individuals' abstract encounters with the world and translations of it. That is, the phenomenologist must observe how other people perceive the world.

3. Field Studies: 

Field research can also be viewed as a method for gathering subjective data or as a comprehensive approach to subjective examination. The fundamental idea is that the analyst observes the wonder "in situ" or in its natural state. In that sense, it probably has a lot in common with the method for member perception. The field analyst typically takes extensive field notes, which are subsequently analyzed and coded in a variety of ways.

4. Based Theory: 

In the 1960s, Glaser & Strauss developed the subjective exploration strategy known as the grounded hypothesis. The development of a hypothesis about interesting wonders is one of the characterized reasons for the grounded hypothesis. However, they aren't just talking about theoretical speculation here. Instead, perception should serve as the foundation for the hypothesis—hence the term. 

According to Leavy (2017), the grounded hypothesis is a complex iterative cycle. The investigation begins with the raising of generative questions, which aid in directing the investigation but are not intended to be static or limiting. The center hypothetical concept or concepts are identified as the scientist gathers information. 

The information and the fictitious center ideas form speculative connections. This initial phase of the exploration will typically be open and may take months to complete. The analyst spends more time later doing the rundown and confirmation. In most cases, the effort will be directed toward a single, specialized center class. There are a few important steps in science:

What is programming?

According to Williams and Moser (2019), coding is a cycle for both depicting the ramifications and subtleties of these classes and ordering subjective information. At first, one begins coding by focusing in-depth on the information and developing some underlying classifications. After that, one moves on to more specific coding, where one code effectively around a central idea.

What is Memoing?

 Memoing is a conversation used to record the scientist's thoughts and ideas as they develop during the investigation. Memos can be thought of as broad, incidental notes and comments. Again, these reminders will typically be extremely open from the beginning of the process, whereas later on, they will typically progressively center on the central idea. 

Integrative meetings and charts are used to organize all of the details and make it easier to sort out the information related to the arising hypothesis. The plans can be any kind of realistic that helps develop the idea at that point. They could be concept maps, coordinated charts, or even straightforward kid's shows that act as summaries. 

According to Earl (2014), the best way to carry out this integrative work is in group meetings where members of the examination group can interact with one another and exchange ideas to improve knowledge.

Finally, one method thoughtfully thickens the hypothesis because new perceptions cause new connections, which change the hypothesis and bring in more data. The primary concept or classification is distinguished and fully developed. When is the end of this cycle? Never is one answer! 

The above interaction clearly has the potential to progress in an uncertain manner. There is no clearly defined endpoint for an investigation under the grounded hypothesis. When the analyst chooses to stop, the project ends. When you're done, what will you have? 

The grounded hypothesis appears to be an amazing all-around concept for elucidating some intriguing mysteries. According to John (2008), this hypothesis can be explained in words and typically receives a significant portion of the logically significant information gathered.

Ethics of Qualitative Research

The meaning and context of ethics in Qualitative Research are extremely broad and diverse. It encompasses moral, social, cultural, ethnic, religious, and humanistic norms that must be considered when having Qualitative Research. 

Given the unmistakable quality of Big Data in many research networks, the development of big data advancements also causes us to raise moral concerns regarding their latent capacity and diverse consequences for subjective exploration (Roth & Unger, 2018). 

Even though new methods for gathering, storing, dissecting, and sharing information make it possible to come up with creative solutions to subjective research, they also make it extremely difficult to use that information effectively. However, there are additional aspects of morals that result from the utilization of advancements that also merit consideration. 

Examples of this include the methods by which innovations like web-based sharing and concurrent work of planned-to-be solid information rely on the level of appropriateness of the colleagues who intervened in collective research. There is no reason to share sensitive information that is not taken into consideration in terms of privacy and affectability. 

Regardless of whether the analysts include individual members or parts of themselves, include institutional substances (such as subsidizing elements, facilitating organizations, and information assortment settings), or combine the age of capital additions, such as information that, due to its likely business nature, will require the mark of privacy terms and should not be insulted (Costa & Moreira, 2017),

Philosophical Traditions in Qualitative Research

"Interpretive, humanistic, and naturalistic" reasoning is what QR does. Subjectivity is given a significant amount of weight. The ontological assumption that there is only one reality encompasses numerous real factors for any wonder. Additionally, because each person has a unique experience with the real world, each person views, interprets, and experiences a situation or wonder from their own perspective. 

The epistemological premise is that information derived from emotional perception will be coherent from top to bottom and richly depicted. "Truth is both perplexing and dynamic and can be found simply by examining people as they connect with and inside their sociohistorical settings," according to Creswell (2007), subjective specialists acknowledge. 

Therefore, rather than measuring information that necessitates the development of a fixed instrument or a large number of inquiries, subjective research and wonders are best understood and sorted by placing scientists in the situation. Additionally, it is time- and setting-bound. 

In contrast to the fake lab, the subjective examination is typically conducted in a naturalistic setting. In order to obtain information about the wonders of revenue, scientists communicate with members to investigate insights, feelings, thoughts, convictions, assumptions, and conduct. 

This ensures that specialists participate actively in the investigation. Before the scientist enters the environments where perceptions and requests would be made, this method encompasses all planned endeavors (Speziale & Carpenter, 2003). Because the goal is to give importance to the whole, the focus of subjective research is typically broad and not reductionist. 

In this method, information about these emotional real factors is gathered through inside and outside discussions, journal keeping, broad meetings, broadened perception, and center gatherings meetings; no efforts are made to control connection. According to Creswell (2007), analysts keep detailed notes and record meetings in the form of words to help sort and organize subjective information. 

An individual translation that accurately reflects the wonder under consideration is the plan for the association of the data. Additionally, the expert devotes a lot of time and effort to going back and forth through the notes in order to identify significant connections. Positive thinking has led to the development of quantitative methodology. 

The positivist worldview values "sanity, objectivity, expectation, and control" highly. According to Brink & Wood (2001), "the ontological supposition that will be that there is one reality, which exists and can be approved through the faculties." The epistemological premise is that data can be characterized and investigated through careful estimation of the revenue potential "All human conduct is evenhanded, deliberate, and quantifiable," experts acknowledge. 

It includes testing the relationship, evaluating the circumstances and logical results connection between variables, and tests for mediation adequacy (Polit & Beck, 2008). It also includes the investigation of exploration questions or theories that recognize the idea's pervasiveness and normal. 

In order to prevent individual characteristics and tendencies from influencing the examination results, the scientist must discover or develop the instrument or apparatus necessary to measure the wonder of the issue at hand while remaining detached from the investigation. Mathematical information collection drives examination more than measurable investigation. 

Most of the time, the focus or point of view for quantitative research is condensed and reductionist, which means that the whole cannot be concentrated but will be broken down into parts so that the parts can be examined. In addition, "quantitative exploration expects control to recognize and limit the issue and go as far as possible the impact of unessential or external factors that are not the focal point of the investigations" is a statement that can be found in the article. 

Control, instrument, and factual checks are used to ensure that the findings of the investigation accurately reflect reality and contribute to the summation of the findings. According to Burns & Grove (2006), the four types of quantitative exploration plans that are frequently utilized in nursing research are spellbinding plans, relationship plans, exploratory plans, and semi-trial plans.

Conclusion

There are two advantages and disadvantages to qualitative research. It provides an inside-out understanding of the perspectives, practices, associations, events, and social cycles that are a part of everyday life in addition to the side. 

By doing so, it makes it easier for social scientists to see how things like social design, social requests, and a wide range of social powers affect everyday life. According to Pertti (2010), this arrangement of methods also has the advantage of being adaptable and effectively adaptable to changes in the research climate. 

Additionally, it can typically be implemented at a minimal cost. One of the drawbacks of QR is that it has a very limited scope, making it difficult to summarize all of its findings. 

Experts must also use alerts with these methods to ensure that they do not fundamentally alter the information and do not carry unneeded personal predispositions that affect their understanding of the discoveries. Fortunately, subjective analysts receive extensive training designed to reduce or eliminate these exploration tendencies (Ashley, 2021).

Written by Raja Bahar Khan Soomro

References

[1] Alasuutari, Pertti (2010). "The rise and relevance of qualitative research". International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 13 (2): 139–55. doi:10.1080/13645570902966056. S2CID 143736805.

[2] Allan, G. (2020). Qualitative research. In Handbook for research students in the social sciences (pp. 177-189). Routledge.

[3] Babbie, Earl (2014). The Basics of Social Research(6th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage. pp. 303–04. ISBN 9781133594147. OCLC 824081715.

[4] Creswell, John (2008). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage.

[5] Doldor, E., Silvester, J., & Atewologu. D. (2017). Qualitative methods in organizational psychology. In C. Willig and W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds). The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 2nd ed. (pp.522-542). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

[6] Elfering, A.; Grebner, S.; Semmer, N. K.; Kaiser-Freiburghaus, D.; Lauper-Del Ponrte, S.; Witschi, I. (2005). "Chronic job stressors and job control: Effects on event-related coping success and well-being". Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 78: 237–252. doi:10.1348/096317905x40088.

[7] Eriksson, Moa (2015-11-03). "Managing collective trauma on social media: the role of Twitter after the 2011 Norway attacks". Media, Culture & Society. 38 (3): 365–380. doi:10.1177/0163443715608259. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 147158910.

[8] Evans, James (2004). "Beach Time, Bridge Time and Billable Hours: The Temporal Structure of Temporal Contracting" (PDF). Administrative Science Quarterly. 49(1): 1–38. JSTOR 4131454.

[9] Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. sage.

[10] Galdas, P. (2017). Revisiting bias in qualitative research: Reflections on its relationship with funding and impact.

[11] Given, L. M., ed. (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications.

[12] Gough, B., & Deatrick, J.A. (eds.)(2015). Qualitative research in health psychology [special issue]. Health Psychology, 34 (4).

[13] Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). "Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging influences" In N. K. Denzin & Y.S.Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.), pp. 191-215. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-2757-3.

[14] Guntuku, Sharath Chandra; Yaden, David B; Kern, Margaret L; Ungar, Lyle H; Eichstaedt, Johannes C (2017-12-01). "Detecting depression and mental illness on social media: an integrative review". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. Big data in the behavioural sciences. 18: 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.005. ISSN 2352-1546. S2CID 53273218.

[15] Hays, D. G., & McKibben, W. B. (2021). Promoting rigorous research: Generalizability and qualitative research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99(2), 178-188.

[16] Holstein, J. A. and Gubrium, J. F., eds. (2012). Varieties of Narrative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

[17] Kalu, F. A., & Bwalya, J. C. (2017). What makes qualitative research good research? An exploratory analysis of critical elements. International Journal of Social Science Research, 5(2), 43-56.

[18] Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory research approaches.

[19] Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002) Qualitative communication research methods: Second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2493-0

Ngozwana, N. (2018). Ethical Dilemmas in Qualitative Research Methodology: Researcher's Reflections. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 4(1), 19-28.

[20] Morning, Ann (2008). "Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952-2002". American Journal of Sociology. 114 Suppl: S106-37. doi:10.1086/592206. PMID 19569402.

[21] Murphy, E; Dingwall, R (2003). Qualitative methods and health policy research (1st edition). Routledge (reprinted as an e-book in 2017).

[22] Palmer, C., & Bolderston, A. (2006). A brief introduction to qualitative research. Canadian Journal of Medical Radiation Technology, 37(1), 16-19.

[23] Pernecky, T. (2016). Epistemology and Metaphysics for Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications.

[24] Rijnsoever, F. J. (2017). (I can’t get no) saturation: a simulation and guidelines for sample sizes in qualitative research. PloS one, 12(7), e0181689.

[25] Rosenthal, Gabriele (2018). Social Interpretive Research. An Introduction. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. doi:10.17875/gup2018-1103. ISBN 978-3-86395-374-4

[26] Rothman, E. F.; Hathaway, J.; Stidsen, A.; de Vries, H. F. (2007). "How employment helps female victims of intimate partner violence: A qualitative study". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 12: 136–143. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.136.

[27] Roth, W. M., & von Unger, H. (2018, September). Current perspectives on research ethics in qualitative research. In Forum qualitative sozialforschung/forum: Qualitative social research (Vol. 19, No. 3).

[28] Russell, B. (1945). A history of western philosophy. New York: Simon & Schuster.

 Kelly, J.G. & Song, A.V. (Eds.). (2004). Six community psychologists tell their stories: History, contexts, and narrative. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press.

[29] Saldana, Johnny (2012). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage. ISBN 978-1446247372.

[30] Savin-Baden, M.; Major, C. (2013). Qualitative Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

[31] Schonfeld, I.S.; Mazzola, J.J. (2015). "A qualitative study of stress in individuals self-employed in solo businesses". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 20: 501–513. doi:10.1037/a0038804.

[32] Silver, C., & Lewins, A. F. (2014). Computer-assisted analysis of qualitative research. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of qualitative research. (pp. 606–638). Oxford University Press.

[33] Sloan, Luke; Morgan, Jeffrey; Housley, William; Williams, Matthew; Edwards, Adam; Burnap, Pete; Rana, Omer (August 2013). "Knowing the Tweeters: Deriving Sociologically Relevant Demographics from Twitter"(PDF). Sociological Research Online. 18 (3): 74–84. doi:10.5153/sro.3001. ISSN 1360-7804. S2CID 145413033.

[34] Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016). "Constraining or Enabling Green Capability Development? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organizational Responses to Flexible Environmental Regulations" (PDF). British Journal of Management. 28 (4): 649–665. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12188.

[35] Wertz, Charmaz, McMullen. "Five Ways of Doing Qualitative Analysis: Phenomenological Psychology, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Research, and Intuitive Inquiry". 16-18. The Guilford Press: March 30, 2011. 1st ed. Print.

[36] Williams, M., & Moser, T. (2019). The art of coding and thematic exploration in qualitative research. International Management Review, 15(1), 45-55.