1. Which scientist is credited with establishing the laws
of inheritance through his work with pea plants?
a)
Charles Darwin
b)
Gregor Mendel
c)
Thomas Hunt Morgan
d)
James Watson
2. What is the term for the genetic makeup of an
organism, representing the combination of alleles it possesses for a particular
trait?
a)
Phenotype
b)
Genotype
c)
Homozygous
d)
Heterozygous
3.
In Mendel's experiments, which type of plants always
produced offspring with the same trait when self-pollinated?
a)
Homozygous dominant
b)
Heterozygous
c)
Homozygous recessive
d)
Hybrid
4. When two alleles for a particular trait are different
(e.g., one dominant and one recessive), the condition is known as:
a)
Homozygous dominant
b)
Heterozygous
c)
Homozygous recessive
d)
Co-dominance
5.
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the
presence of an extra chromosome 21?
a)
Hemophilia
b)
Down syndrome
c)
Cystic fibrosis
d)
Tay-Sachs disease
6.
What is the term for the process by which homologous
chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis?
a)
Crossing-over
b)
Mutation
c)
Replication
d)
Transcription
7.
Which of the following is an example of incomplete
dominance in inheritance?
a)
Red flowers crossed with white flowers
producing pink flowers
b)
Red flowers crossed with white flowers producing red and white flowers
c)
Red flowers crossed with blue flowers producing purple flowers
d)
Red flowers crossed with yellow flowers producing orange flowers
8.
What is the term for the phenomenon where one gene
influences multiple traits?
a)
Codominance
b)
Pleiotropy
c)
Epistasis
d)
Polygenic inheritance
9.
Which type of inheritance pattern is characterized by
the blending of traits from both parents, resulting in an intermediate
phenotype?
a)
Mendelian inheritance
b)
Codominance
c)
Incomplete dominance
d)
X-linked inheritance
10. In humans, the sex of an
individual is determined by:
a)
The presence of an X chromosome
b)
The presence of a Y chromosome
c)
The presence of both X and Y chromosomes
d)
The absence of both X and Y chromosomes
11. What is the primary function
of chromosomes in the cell?
a)
Protein synthesis
b)
Energy production
c)
Genetic information storage and
transmission
d)
Cell division
12. How many chromosomes do
humans typically have in their somatic cells?
a)
23
b)
46
c)
22
d)
48
13. Which part of a chromosome
contains the genetic information that codes for proteins?
a)
Centromere
b)
Telomere
c)
Chromatid
d)
Gene
14. What is the term for the
specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
a)
Allele
b)
Locus
c)
Nucleotide
d)
Codon
15. Which type of cell division
results in the formation of haploid cells?
a)
Mitosis
b)
Meiosis
c)
Binary fission
d)
Budding
16. What is the function of the
sex chromosomes in determining an individual's sex?
a)
Determine height
b)
Determine eye color
c)
Determine gender
d)
Determine blood type
17. Which of the following is a
genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21?
a)
Down syndrome
b)
Hemophilia
c)
Cystic fibrosis
d)
Huntington's disease
18. What is the term for the
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
a)
Crossing over
b)
Replication
c)
Transcription
d)
Translation
19. Which molecule carries the
genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?
a)
DNA
b)
RNA
c)
ATP
d)
tRNA
20. In a DNA molecule, which
nitrogenous base pairs with adenine (A)?
a)
Guanine (G)
b)
Thymine (T)
c)
Cytosine (C)
d)
Uracil (U)
21. What does Mendel's Law of
Segregation state?
a)
Genetic traits are inherited through a blending of parental
characteristics.
b)
Genetic traits are inherited as discrete
units, and each parent contributes one allele to their offspring.
c)
Genetic traits are inherited through the exchange of genetic material
between parents.
d)
Genetic traits are inherited only from the maternal side.
22. Which organism did Gregor
Mendel primarily use to formulate his laws of inheritance?
a)
Dogs
b)
Pea plants
c)
Humans
d)
Fruit flies
23. What are the alternative
forms of a gene called?
a)
Chromosomes
b)
Alleles
c)
Genomes
d)
Phenotypes
24. In a monohybrid cross
involving a homozygous dominant (TT) and a homozygous recessive (tt)
individual, what will be the genotype(s) of the offspring?
a)
TT only
b)
tt only
c)
Tt only
d)
Tt and tt
25. If an individual is
heterozygous for a particular trait (Tt), what is the ratio of phenotypes that
they can produce when crossed with another heterozygous individual?
a)
1:1
b)
3:1
c)
1:2:1
d)
9:3:3:1
26. Which of the following
statements is true regarding the Law of Segregation?
a)
It explains how multiple genes influence a single trait.
b)
It states that genes located on the same chromosome segregate
independently during gamete formation.
c)
It pertains to the distribution of
alleles for one gene into different gametes.
d)
It is only applicable to autosomal genes.
27. Mendel's Law of Segregation
can be best represented by which of the following Punnett square outcomes for a
heterozygous cross (Tt x Tt)?
a)
TT
b)
Tt
c)
tt
d)
All of the above
28. In a dihybrid cross, how
many different combinations of alleles can be produced when two heterozygous
individuals (AaBb) are crossed?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
4
d)
16
29. What does the Law of
Independent Assortment state?
a)
Genes located on different chromosomes
segregate independently during gamete formation.
b)
Genes located on the same chromosome always segregate together.
c)
Genes located on different chromosomes always segregate together.
d)
Genes located on different chromosomes segregate randomly during gamete
formation.
30. Which of the following is
NOT a result of the Law of Independent Assortment?
a)
Genetic diversity in offspring.
b)
New combinations of alleles.
c)
Inheritance of linked genes.
d)
Variation in traits among offspring.
31. In a dihybrid cross
involving two heterozygous individuals (AaBb x AaBb), how many different
combinations of alleles can be produced in the offspring due to the Law of
Independent Assortment?
a)
2
b)
4
c)
8
d)
16
32. In a monohybrid cross
involving a homozygous dominant parent (AA) and a homozygous recessive parent
(aa), what is the ratio of the resulting offspring's genotypes due to the Law
of Independent Assortment?
a)
All offspring will be heterozygous (Aa).
b)
All offspring will be homozygous dominant (AA).
c)
All offspring will be homozygous recessive (aa).
d)
All possible combinations of genotypes (Aa and aa)
will be produced in a 1:1 ratio.
33. Which of the following
processes is NOT influenced by the Law of Independent Assortment?
a)
Meiosis
b)
Fertilization
c)
Mitosis
d)
Gamete formation
34. In a trihybrid cross
involving three independently assorting genes (AaBbCc x AaBbCc), how many
different combinations of alleles can be produced in the offspring due to the
Law of Independent Assortment?
a)
8
b)
16
c)
64
d)
256
35. Which scientist is best
known for proposing the Law of Variation, which laid the foundation for the
theory of evolution by natural selection?
a)
Charles Darwin
b)
Gregor Mendel
c)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
d)
Alfred Russel Wallace
36. What is the Law of
Variation?
a)
It states that all individuals within a species are identical.
b)
It states that variations among individuals within a species are the
result of environmental factors.
c)
It states that variations among
individuals within a species are inherited and can be passed on to offspring.
d)
It states that species never change over time.
37. According to Charles
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, what is the driving force
behind the accumulation of advantageous variations within a population?
a)
Artificial selection
b)
Genetic drift
c)
Survival of the fittest
d)
Genetic mutation
38. Which of the following is
NOT a mechanism of evolution?
a)
Natural selection
b)
Genetic drift
c)
Lamarckism
d)
Gene flow
39. Which scientist
independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection around
the same time as Charles Darwin?
a)
Gregor Mendel
b)
Alfred Russel Wallace
c)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
d)
Thomas Malthus
40. What is the primary function
of chromosomes in a cell?
a.
Energy production
b.
DNA replication
c.
Protein synthesis
d.
Cellular respiration
41. Which of the following best
describes the structure of a chromosome?
a.
Single-stranded DNA molecule
b.
Double-stranded DNA molecule
c.
A protein-coated lipid droplet
d.
A complex of DNA and proteins
42. Which of the following
statements about fertilization in humans is correct?
a.
Fertilization occurs in the male reproductive system.
b.
Fertilization results in the formation
of a zygote.
c.
Fertilization occurs only in plants.
d.
Fertilization is the process of sperm production.
43. During fertilization, which
cell contributes the genetic material for the offspring's chromosomes?
a.
Sperm cell
b.
Egg cell
c.
Both sperm and egg cells equally
d.
Uterine cell
44. Which of the following best
describes the role of chromosomes in determining an individual's genetic
traits?
a.
Chromosomes contain enzymes that control gene expression.
b.
Chromosomes directly code for specific traits.
c.
Chromosomes provide a structural framework for the cell.
d.
Chromosomes carry genes that code for
proteins, which influence traits.
45. In humans, what is the
chromosome configuration of a female individual?
a.
XX
b.
XY
c.
YY
d.
X
46. Which of the following cells
is haploid?
a.
Somatic cell
b.
Zygote
c.
Gamete
d.
Skin cell
47. What is the primary function
of DNA in cells?
a)
To store and transmit genetic information
b)
To catalyze chemical reactions
c)
To provide structural support to the cell
d)
To produce energy for cellular processes
48. Which of the following
statements about the structure of DNA is correct?
a)
DNA is composed of three strands wound together.
b)
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
c)
DNA is a double-stranded helix with
complementary base pairs.
d)
DNA contains only three types of nitrogenous bases.
49. Which of the following is
NOT one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
a)
Adenine (A)
b)
Guanine (G)
c)
Uracil (U)
d)
Thymine (T)
50. In DNA, which base pairs
with adenine (A)?
a)
Guanine (G)
b)
Thymine (T)
c)
Cytosine (C)
d)
Uracil (U)
52. What holds the two strands
of DNA together in the double helix structure?
a)
Hydrogen bonds between complementary
base pairs
b)
Covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate groups
c)
Ionic bonds between phosphate groups
d)
Disulfide bonds between nucleotides
53. Which of the following best
describes chromatin?
a)
A dense, compact structure of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus
during cell division
b)
A loose, extended form of DNA that is
actively transcribed and used for gene expression
c)
A type of lipid molecule found in the cell membrane
d)
A type of RNA molecule responsible for protein synthesis
54. What is the role of histone
proteins in chromatin structure?
a)
They act as enzymes that replicate DNA.
b)
They form a protective barrier around the DNA.
c)
They help package and condense the DNA
into a compact structure.
d)
They serve as templates for RNA synthesis.
55. Which of the following is
NOT a level of chromatin organization, from least condensed to most condensed?
a)
Nucleosome
b)
Solenoid
c)
Chromatid
d)
Chromosome
56. During which phase of the
cell cycle is chromatin most highly condensed and visible as individual
chromosomes?
a)
G1 phase
b)
S phase
c)
G2 phase
d)
Mitotic phase (M phase)
57. What is the significance of
chromatin remodeling in gene regulation?
a)
It is responsible for DNA replication.
b)
It allows cells to divide and form new organisms.
c)
It controls which genes are accessible
for transcription and expression.
d)
It regulates the synthesis of histone proteins.
58. What is external
fertilization in biology?
a)
Fertilization that occurs inside the female's body
b)
Fertilization that occurs outside the
female's body
c)
Fertilization involving artificial insemination
d)
Fertilization that occurs only in plants
59. Which of the following
animals typically undergoes external fertilization?
a)
Humans
b)
Fish
c)
Birds
d)
Mammals
60. In external fertilization,
where does fertilization take place?
a)
In the male's body
b)
In the female's body
c)
Outside the bodies of both the male and
female
d)
Inside a special reproductive organ
61. What is a disadvantage of
external fertilization in aquatic animals?
a)
High energy expenditure
b)
Risk of desiccation
c)
Low fertilization success rate
d)
Limited mate selection
62. Which of the following is an
example of internal fertilization in animals?
a)
Frog
b)
Salmon
c)
Coral
d)
Starfish
63. What is a key advantage of
internal fertilization in terrestrial animals?
a)
Reduced risk of predation
b)
Greater mate selection
c)
Lower energy expenditure
d)
Longer gestation periods
64. In internal fertilization,
where does fertilization occur?
a)
In the male's body
b)
In the female's body
c)
In a separate aquatic environment
d)
In the atmosphere
65. Which of the following
animals typically undergoes internal fertilization?
a)
Frogs
b)
Spiders
c)
Salmon
d)
Turtles
66. What is the primary function
of the reproductive organs in internal fertilization?
a)
Protecting the embryo
b)
Producing gametes (sperm and egg)
c)
Facilitating external fertilization
d)
Regulating temperature
67. Which type of fertilization
is more common in land-dwelling animals?
a)
External fertilization
b)
Internal fertilization
c)
Both are equally common
d) Neither, as land-dwelling animals do not reproduce sexually
x
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