HOWARD GARDNER'S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

Theory of Multiple Intelligences by Howard Gardner

What is the Theory of Multiple Intelligence?

It was Howard Gardner who proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences in his three different publications in 1983, 1995, and 1999. This theory mainly emphasizes that learners have different but specific abilities to learn. For instance, a blue whale (fish) can swing thousands of miles into the ocean but it can't climb a tree. Similarly, every learner has got different abilities and intelligence levels.

According to Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, each person has unique learning styles and bits of intelligence that they employ in their daily lives. While some students learn best through mathematical-logic-based instruction, others do better in reading and writing-based environments.

The nine distinct types of intelligence serve as the foundation for Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences. They are Musical, Logical-Mathematical, Existential, Interpersonal, Linguistic, Bodily-Kinaesthetic, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic intelligence, & Visual-Spatial Intelligence. These nine bits of intelligence are explained below.

1. Musical Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences posits that individuals possess various forms of intelligence, one of which is musical intelligence. This particular intelligence emphasizes an individual's capacity to understand, appreciate, and create music. Gardner suggests that musical intelligence goes beyond just the ability to play an instrument or sing and involves a broader spectrum of musical skills.

Musical intelligence encompasses skills such as recognizing patterns in musical notes, understanding different musical styles and genres, and expressing oneself through music. People with a high level of musical intelligence often demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to the nuances of rhythm, pitch, melody, and harmony. They can easily discern variations in sound, tone, and tempo.

Individuals with musical intelligence may excel in activities like playing musical instruments, composing music, or demonstrating an acute awareness of the emotional and expressive aspects of music. This form of intelligence is not limited to formal training; individuals may naturally possess an inclination towards musical activities and an intuitive grasp of musical concepts.

In educational contexts, acknowledging and nurturing musical intelligence involves providing opportunities for students to engage with music in various ways. This could include music appreciation classes, hands-on experiences with instruments, exposure to diverse musical genres, and opportunities for creative expression through composition or performance.

Gardner's theory encourages a broader perspective on intelligence, recognizing and valuing diverse abilities beyond traditional academic measures. Musical intelligence, in particular, underscores the richness and complexity of our cognitive capacities in relation to the world of music.

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences proposes that intelligence is not a single, monolithic entity but a collection of distinct abilities. One of these intelligences is Logical-Mathematical Intelligence, which refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.

Individuals with high logical-mathematical intelligence excel in areas such as problem-solving, pattern recognition, and abstract thinking. They can grasp complex mathematical concepts, detect relationships between variables, and use logical reasoning to arrive at conclusions. This intelligence is not confined to traditional mathematical tasks; it extends to activities involving logical reasoning and critical thinking across various domains.

People with a strong logical-mathematical intelligence may enjoy activities like solving puzzles, working with algorithms, and engaging in strategic games. They often pursue careers in mathematics, science, engineering, computer programming, or any field that demands precise and analytical thinking.

Gardner's theory underscores the diversity of human intelligence, challenging the conventional notion that intelligence is solely measured by standardized tests. By recognizing and valuing different forms of intelligence, Gardner's model promotes a more comprehensive understanding of individuals' cognitive strengths and capabilities.

3. Existential Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes Existential Intelligence, which he later added to his original seven intelligences. Existential Intelligence refers to the ability to contemplate and understand fundamental questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, death, and the nature of reality.

Individuals with high Existential Intelligence often possess a heightened sensitivity to existential concerns and grapple with abstract concepts related to human existence. They may ponder philosophical and spiritual matters, seeking meaning and purpose in their lives. This form of intelligence allows individuals to reflect on their own existence and explore the deeper dimensions of human experience.

Gardner introduced Existential Intelligence to acknowledge the importance of grappling with existential questions in the human experience. While it may not be as easily measurable as other intelligences, such as linguistic or logical-mathematical, Existential Intelligence recognizes the profound impact that existential contemplation can have on an individual's understanding of themselves and the world around them.

4. Interpersonal Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that individuals possess various forms of intelligence, and one of these is interpersonal intelligence. Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. People with high interpersonal intelligence excel in social situations, demonstrating empathy, communication skills, and an understanding of others' emotions and perspectives.

Individuals strong in interpersonal intelligence often make excellent leaders, team players, or mediators. They can easily pick up on social cues, build rapport, and navigate complex social dynamics. Gardner emphasizes that interpersonal intelligence is not limited to extroverts; introverts can also possess this intelligence by fostering deep, meaningful connections with a smaller circle of people.

In educational settings, fostering interpersonal intelligence involves promoting collaborative learning, group projects, and activities that encourage empathy and communication. Gardner's theory challenges traditional views that emphasize only linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences, recognizing the importance of social and emotional abilities in human intelligence.

5. Linguistic Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences, developed in the 1980s, identifies Linguistic Intelligence as one of the several distinct types of intelligences. Linguistic Intelligence refers to an individual's ability to understand, analyze, and use language effectively. People with strong Linguistic Intelligence often excel in activities such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

Characteristics of individuals with high Linguistic Intelligence include a keen sensitivity to the nuances of language, a strong command of syntax and grammar, and an appreciation for the artistry of words. They may be skilled storytellers, poets, orators, or effective communicators in various forms.

Gardner emphasizes that linguistic abilities go beyond traditional language skills; they encompass a broader range of communication modalities, including written and spoken language, as well as non-verbal elements such as body language and facial expressions. Those with Linguistic Intelligence can use words to express complex ideas and engage in persuasive communication.

Educational approaches that cater to Linguistic Intelligence involve activities such as reading, writing, storytelling, debates, and discussions. Teachers may employ diverse methods to support students in developing their linguistic abilities, recognizing that individuals may have different strengths within this intelligence.

It's important to note that Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory posits that individuals possess a unique blend of intelligences, and while someone may have a strong Linguistic Intelligence, they may also excel in other areas. The theory has been influential in shaping educational practices by promoting a more diverse and personalized approach to learning.

6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences posits that individuals possess various forms of intelligence, and one of these is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. This intelligence refers to the ability to control one's body movements and handle objects skillfully. People with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence often excel in activities that require physical coordination, such as sports, dance, or manual labor.

Individuals with strong bodily-kinesthetic intelligence tend to have excellent motor skills, coordination, and spatial awareness. They learn best through hands-on experiences and physical activities, preferring to engage in activities that involve movement and manipulation. This type of intelligence is not limited to athletes or performers; it can also manifest in activities like crafting, surgery, or other tasks that demand precise bodily control.

Gardner emphasizes that traditional education often focuses more on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences, overlooking the significance of bodily-kinesthetic abilities. Recognizing and nurturing this form of intelligence can be crucial in fostering a well-rounded and inclusive approach to education and personal development.

According to Gardner, occupations that are suitable for people with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include actors, musicians, dancers, athletes, construction workers, police officers, and soldiers even though virtual simulations of these careers can be replicated, they will not produce the actual physical learning that this intelligence requires.

In summary, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, as proposed by Howard Gardner, highlights the importance of physical abilities and the mastery of body movements as a distinct form of intelligence, acknowledging individuals' diverse talents and strengths beyond traditional cognitive domains.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes the concept of intrapersonal intelligence, which refers to a person's ability to understand oneself. Individuals with high intrapersonal intelligence possess a deep awareness of their emotions, strengths, weaknesses, desires, and goals. They are adept at introspection and can effectively navigate their inner thoughts and feelings.

People strong in intrapersonal intelligence often display characteristics such as self-reflection, self-motivation, and a capacity for profound self-awareness. They are skilled at recognizing their own emotional states, managing stress, and setting personal goals. This form of intelligence involves a high level of introspection and an understanding of one's values, beliefs, and personal identity.

In educational settings, fostering intrapersonal intelligence involves encouraging activities that promote self-discovery, reflection, and goal-setting. This might include journaling, self-assessment exercises, and projects that require students to explore their own thoughts and emotions. Recognizing and developing intrapersonal intelligence is crucial for personal growth and emotional well-being.

8. Naturalistic Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes Naturalistic Intelligence as one of the various ways individuals can excel. Naturalistic Intelligence refers to the ability to recognize, categorize, and understand the diverse features of the natural environment. People with high naturalistic intelligence often exhibit a keen sensitivity to patterns in nature, a deep connection with the outdoors, and an ability to distinguish between various elements in the environment.

Individuals strong in Naturalistic Intelligence may be skilled in activities such as identifying plants, animals, rocks, or weather patterns. They may have a heightened awareness of ecological relationships, which allows them to appreciate the interconnectedness of living organisms and their environments. This intelligence is not confined to traditional academic settings but is evident in practical, hands-on experiences related to the natural world.

Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences to emphasize that intelligence extends beyond traditional measures, such as linguistic or mathematical abilities. Naturalistic Intelligence highlights the value of understanding and interacting with the natural world, acknowledging the importance of these skills in our broader understanding of intelligence.

9. Visual-Spatial Intelligence

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences posits that individuals possess various forms of intelligence, one of which is Visual-Spatial Intelligence. This type of intelligence involves the ability to perceive and understand the visual world accurately, as well as to manipulate and create mental images in one's mind.

People with high visual-spatial intelligence tend to excel in tasks that require spatial reasoning, such as navigating through spaces, interpreting maps, and understanding complex visual information. They may also have a keen sense of spatial relationships, allowing them to easily visualize and manipulate objects in their minds.

Individuals with strong visual-spatial intelligence often demonstrate creativity in fields like art, design, architecture, and engineering. They can easily visualize concepts and ideas, making them adept problem solvers in three-dimensional spaces. Additionally, they may have a heightened awareness of their surroundings, enabling them to navigate and understand spatial relationships effectively.

Gardner's theory suggests that recognizing and valuing diverse intelligences, including visual-spatial intelligence, can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of human capabilities. This perspective has implications for education, encouraging educators to recognize and nurture a variety of intelligences to support the diverse learning styles of students.

Impact of Gardner's Theory of Multiple intelligence on Education

"Our educational system is heavily biased towards linguistic modes of intersection and assessment and, to a somewhat lesser degree, toward logical quantities modes as well," Gardner wrote in his Theory of Multiple Intelligences. His work continued to influence educational pedagogy and pertinent policy and legislation worldwide; with special emphasis on how teachers must evaluate students' progress in order to select the most effective teaching strategies for each individual student. The use of activities that require physical movement and exertion has been the result of Gardner's research into the field of learning regarding bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

Students who exhibit a high level of a physical intelligence report that they benefit from "learning through movement" in the classroom. Even though the differences between intelligence have been clearly defined, Gardner opposes assigning learners a specific intelligence. According to Gardner, his theory should "empower learners," not limit them to a single learning method."

A biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture," as Gardner defines intelligence, a 2006 study found that the general g factor, cognitive abilities other than g, and, in some cases, non-cognitive abilities or personality traits are all present in each of Gardner's domains.

Use of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence in Education

"Bio-psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture," according to Gardner, is a definition of intelligence. Gardner asserts that this can be accomplished in more ways than just through logical and linguistic intelligence. According to Gardner, education "should be to develop intelligence and to assist people in achieving vocational and avocational goals that are appropriate to their particular spectrum of intelligence."

This is Gardner's view of the subject. Individuals who are assisted with doing as such, feel more drawn in and equipped and in this manner more leaned to serve society in a valuable manner." According to Gardner, IQ tests primarily assess linguistic and logical intelligence. If you do well on these tests, you have a better chance of going to a prestigious college or university, which makes people who can contribute to society. While many students thrive in this setting, there are some who struggle. According to Gardner's theory, a broader perspective on education, in which educators employ a variety of methods, exercises, and activities to reach all students rather than just those who excel in linguistic and logical intelligence, will benefit students more."

Ways that will work for this student learning this topic" is the challenge it poses to educators. According to Gardner, "while Multiple Intelligences theory is consistent with much empirical evidence, it has not been subjected to strong experimental tests... Within the area of education, the applications of the theory are currently being examined in many projects," the majority of academics in intelligence and education have not accepted Gardner's system. In light of actual classroom experience, our assumptions will need to be revised numerous times." Jerome Bruner stated that "his approach is so far beyond the data-crunching of mental testers that it deserves to be cheered," and he concurred with Gardner that the intelligence was "useful fiction."

Gardner's theory has been adopted by many schools, where it is frequently conflated with learning styles, despite its lack of widespread acceptance in the psychological community. Hundreds of books have been written about its applications in education. Some of Gardner's theory's applications have been called "simplistic," and Gardner himself has said that his theory's use in schools makes him "uneasy."Gardner agrees that the concept of learning styles is inconsistent and devoid of empirical evidence, and he has denied that multiple intelligences are learning styles. Gardner sums up his methodology with three suggestions for instructors: Adapt the teaching style to each student's preferred method, pluralize the teaching (teach important materials in multiple ways), and steer clear of the ambiguous term "styles."