Teaching Methodologies and Techniques for Effective Teaching

Teaching Methodologies & Techniques for Teacher Education

What is the Teaching Methodology or Techniques?

Teaching methodology and teaching techniques are the same. Similarly, a teacher's teaching methodology or technique is a skill, art, and process that he/she adopts and uses both inside and outside of the classroom. The way a teacher explains or teaches the material to students in order for them to learn it is essentially the teaching methodology.

A teacher can employ a variety of methodologies, and the ones they choose frequently reflect their educational philosophy and preferences. A teacher may also employ multiple strategies in a single lesson or over the course of several lessons. Lectures, inductive & deductive approaches, group discussion activities, and having students act as teachers for their peers are all examples of teaching methods.

A teacher's educational philosophy and teaching methodology are not the same things, despite the fact that they frequently overlap. Most of the time, a teacher's choice of philosophy reveals how the teacher thinks students can learn new material the best and how students and teachers should interact in the classroom. Although they are not always directly related, this philosophy frequently has an impact on the choices that a teacher can make regarding which teaching methodology or methodologies he or she chooses to use.

In order to convey their approach to education to other teachers or students, teachers frequently discuss their preferred teaching philosophies and methods together. Although a teacher may employ a variety of approaches, lecturing or explaining is a well-established and common teaching strategy. This is basically a way of teaching that thinks of the teacher as an expert in a particular field and expects the students to learn and comprehend the material.

Even teachers who continue to employ this approach frequently supplement it with other approaches. The importance of the student in the learning process is the focus of some increasingly popular methodologies. Group discussions with the entire class or smaller group discussions with multiple small groups at once are examples of such teaching methods. Students are encouraged to actively participate in the learning process and to take responsibility for their education.

This can also be used with a teaching method in which students act as teachers to teach other students in the class. For instance, smaller group discussions frequently precede larger group discussions in which each group presents to the class what it has learned or discussed. In a similar vein, each student may be tasked with conducting research on a particular topic and imparting that knowledge to the other students in the class.

What are the Different Teaching Techniques & Methodologies?

Research suggests various teaching techniques and methodologies. However, as per our understanding, the following given ten teaching methods are the most common and reliable methods of teaching.

Cooperative Learning Teaching Method
Deductive Teaching Method
Demonstrative Method of Teaching
Discussion Method
Flipped Classroom Teaching Method
Inductive Teaching Method
Inquiry-Based Learning Method
Lecture Method
Project-Based Learning Method
Student-Centered Teaching Method

1. Cooperative Learning Teaching Method or Technique

Cooperative learning is a teaching method that emphasizes collaboration among students. However, in order for learning to be as efficient as possible, teachers must provide a significant amount of structure and intervention. "Think-pair-share" is one common cooperative learning strategy.

A "jigsaw" approach and discussions in small groups or pairs can also be successful. Students in the jigsaw model are divided into small groups to read or learn from a particular point of view. The members then spread the information and share it with others by switching groups.

Advantages of Cooperative Learning Teaching Method or Technique

Through cooperative work, recreates real-world work situations in which collaboration and cooperation are required, enhancing social skills. Robert E. Slavin, an American psychologist and John Hopkins University professor, describes one of the most striking outcomes of cooperative learning in his essential book, "Cooperative learning: "Practice, Research, and Theory"
It makes critical thinking better: Students will share their thoughts or opinions with the other students in their group, who will then provide feedback, during the process of group work. Each student's feedback will include both criticism and an interpretation of the opinions or ideas expressed.

Disadvantages of Cooperative Learning Teaching Method or Technique

The detachment of one student from the group may be caused by difficulties in distributing social roles among group members. There is a chance that members of the group will get into arguments, which will require the teacher to pay more attention.
It's possible that members of the same group learn at different rates.

2. Deductive Teaching Method or Technique

A more teacher-centered approach is a deductive teaching method, technique, or approach to instruction. This means that the teacher introduces a new idea to the students, explains it, and then asks them to use it. For instance, when teaching a brand-new concept or idea, the teacher will first explain the rules for using it, then the students will practice using the idea in a variety of ways.

Bob Adamson says, "The deductive method is frequently criticized because:

a) It isolates grammar instruction;

b) little thought is given to the meaning;

c) practice is frequently mechanical.

However, in some instances, this approach may be an option; for instance, when dealing with students who are extremely motivated, teaching a particularly challenging concept, or preparing students for exams.

3. Demonstrative Teaching Method or Technique

A teaching strategy known as a demonstrative teaching method or technique is one in which an idea is conveyed through the use of pictures, such as flip charts, posters, diagrams, and PowerPoint.Most science teachers prefer to teach practical work in science labs using this particular approach. In addition, the demonstrative teaching method or technique entails instructing students step-by-step on how to make or perform a task.

Similarly, you demonstrate your actions to them and instruct them on how to carry them out. There is always a proper and finished demonstration with a demonstrative teaching method or technique. Additionally, the ability of the students to practice or review what you have taught them is essential for result-oriented outcomes as far as demonstrative teaching method or technique is concerned.

Benefits of the Demonstrative Teaching Method or Technique

It aids in a student's comprehension of the subject. It encourages students to remain involved in the learning and teaching process.
It results in ongoing education.
It takes into account the fundamentals of reflective thinking.
It helps students develop an interest in subjects.
It helps students get excited about learning new things.
Students benefit greatly from it.

Drawbacks of the Demonstrative Teaching Method or Technique

Students cannot benefit from the instructor's personal and direct experiences.
It may cost a lot because it uses expensive materials.
It might take a long time to do.
It does not emphasize hands-on learning.
The scientific method cannot be taught using this method.
The demonstration needs to be carried out by experienced teachers.

4. Discussion Teaching Method or Technique

Discussion teaching method or technique is a process of exchanging ideas and sharing valid information between a teacher and students. Plato and Socrates used this particular method of teaching quite often. Discussion teaching method or technique, there are a variety of ways and methods for the open-ended, collaborative exchange of ideas between a teacher and students or between students in order to advance students' thinking, learning, problem-solving, comprehension, or appreciation in the process of teaching and learning.

In an effort to increase their knowledge, understanding, or interpretation of the subject at hand, participants present multiple points of view, respond to the ideas of others, and reflect on their own ideas.

A dyad, a small group, or the entire class can have discussions that are led by the teacher or by the students. They typically involve a discussion of a written text, but they can also focus on a problem, issue, or topic that is based on a "text" in the broad sense (such as a discipline, the media, or a societal norm). Pedagogical discussions are also referred to as substantive conversations and instructional conversations.

Advantages of the Discussion Method or Technique

Because it assists students in processing information rather than simply receiving it, the discussion is essential to learning across all subject areas. Different from lecturing, leading a discussion requires different skills. The purpose of a discussion is to encourage students to think critically about the course content.
It boosts students' comprehension.
The discussion method encourages students.
It facilitates teachers' comprehension of and evaluation of student thought.
The discussion method moves the responsibility for mathematics from the teacher to the students.

Disadvantages of the Discussion Method or Technique

The method of discussion is not appropriate for all subjects. Only students with a basic understanding of the subject can use it. While others may attempt to dominate, some of the students may be shy or reluctant to participate. There is a possibility that the teacher will lose control over the students, leading to arguments.
Students frequently find it difficult to speak up.
Some groups may be difficult to get involved in lively discussions.
Some students do not have a voice.
It is difficult to differentiate and conclude results.

5. Flipped Classroom Teaching Method or Technique

The term "flipped classroom teaching method" or "flipped classroom teaching technique" refers to the idea of giving lectures online, virtually, or digitally that students can view from home instead of in the classroom. The four pillars of this kind of learning, are denoted by the letters FLIP represents the four pillars included in this type of learning. FLIP stands for Flexible environment, Learning culture shift, Intentional content, and Professional teacher.

This method makes it possible to devote more class time to active learning rather than instruction. Numerous case studies demonstrate that the advantages of this approach outweigh the drawbacks that can be easily avoided by using a partially flipped classroom. We are confident that teachers will discover some useful flipped learning strategies and incorporate them into their own lessons.

Advantages of the Flipped Classroom Teaching Method or Technique

Learning is more in the hands of the student. Students can choose to learn at their own pace by watching videos or other materials at home.
It encourages collaboration and student-centered learning.

Disadvantages of the Flipped Classroom Teaching Method or Technique

Implementing it is challenging: Certain populations are disadvantaged by unequal access to technological resources including ICT tools and internet access.
Because it is primarily based on students' auditory perceptions, it makes comprehension less effective.
It is highly dependent on students' compliance: The method assumes that students will always be ready to participate in class and finish their outside-of-class preparation. However, there is a possibility that not every student will always be ready for the lesson.
6. Inductive Teaching Method or Technique

In contrast to the deductive method, the inductive teaching strategy makes use of the "noticing" of students. The instructor provides students with numerous examples that demonstrate how the concept is applied, as opposed to providing an explanation of a particular concept and then following it up with examples.

Through the use of examples, the goal is for students to "notice" how the concept works. Using the aforementioned concept scenario, the instructor would provide the students with a variety of examples for a particular concept without providing any background information about its application.
It is hoped that students will recognize the specific concept as they observe the application of the concept.

The teacher can ask the students to explain any specific point as a final check that they understand the concept at the end of the activity. makes use of "noticing" by students. The instructor provides students with numerous examples that demonstrate how the concept is applied, as opposed to providing an explanation of a particular concept and then following it up with examples. Through the use of examples, the goal is for students to "notice" how the concept works.

Using the aforementioned grammar scenario, the instructor would provide the students with a variety of examples for a particular concept without providing any background information about its application. It is hoped that students will recognize the specific concept as they observe the application of the concept. The teacher can ask the students to explain the grammar rule as a final check that they understand the concept at the end of the activity.

7. Inquiry-Based Teaching Method or Technique

What if the process of teaching and learning is driven by questions? In other words, when you use this particular approach in your teaching, you are actually utilizing the inquiry-based teaching methodology in your teaching process. Through high-level questions and exploration, it entices students to make connections to the real world.

Advantages of the Inquiry-Based Teaching Method or Technique

Students' ability to think critically and solve problems is aided by teachers. The teacher assists the students in thinking through their processes, teaches them possible approaches, and encourages them to try various methods in order for them to acquire these skills.
As part of the process, students are encouraged to fail and then perform better in subsequent activities.
Students learn to seek their own answers to questions rather than repeating the answers they have been taught. As a result, students gain solid research abilities.

Disadvantages of the Inquiry-Based Teaching Method or Technique

There is always a risk of embarrassing students who may not be quick thinkers or have learning disabilities or processing issues because they are always encouraged to speak up, participate, and not be afraid to fail. Anxiety rises as a result, and motivation declines.
It could lead to lower scores on standardized tests. There is always the chance that important "core" subjects will be missed if too much time is spent responding to student questions. Naturally, this hurts performance on standardized tests.

8. Lecture Teaching Method or Technique

The lecture approach is also known as the teacher-centered method. Although the lecture teaching style or technique is often seen as the most traditional approach, the teacher-centered methodology is founded on the notion that the instructor bears the primary responsibility in the learning environment.

Teachers run the classroom and direct all activities. Students are often seated at individual desks facing the teacher in this manner. While collaborative projects are possible, the majority of classroom time is spent with the teacher teaching ideas and offering individual assignments. In other words, while the teacher actively gives the knowledge, the pupils passively absorb it.

Advantages of the Lecture Teaching Method or Technique

It emphasizes the significance of the facilitator role played by teachers.No one can deny that students require the assistance of a teacher in order to develop their skills, despite the fact that the teacher-centered approach has been criticized for encouraging passive learning.

Based on behavioral theory, this method of teaching makes it easier to direct instruction to control changes in students' behavior. Utilizing the core of this strategy and adapting it to meet the requirements of both the teacher and the student may be beneficial, gradually shifting the focus from one to the other.

Disadvantages of the Lecture Teaching Method or Technique

Student motivation is lacking, according to critics. In point of fact, blindly employing the teacher-centered approach may restrict students' mental and creative freedom.

9. Project-Based Teaching Method or Technique

Project-based instruction is a relatively new method of teaching that is part of the student-centered approach. Students complete projects in project-based learning, as the name suggests. However, these are significant, substantial projects in which students acquire knowledge, conduct research, evaluate, analyze, make decisions, collaborate, and perform a variety of other tasks.

In most cases, projects are created in response to a question that is open-ended, like, "How can our school be greener? " or "How was our city designed in the past, and how might it be designed in the future? "The projects' connection to actual issues adds another crucial component. The projects ought to have an impact beyond just the classroom. Students might, for instance, produce a radio show that the entire school can listen to. Alternatively, they could write a letter to the town council and show up to a meeting to voice their opinion.

Advantages of the Project-Based Teaching Method or Technique

In between projects, the teacher may provide scaffolding and smaller, bite-sized projects to help students develop skills like how to research, solve division problems, write a letter, and other similar abilities. As a result, students build on what they already know by investigating, asking questions, interacting with other students, and reflecting on these experiences.
Providing students with the opportunity to organize their work in groups enhances cooperative learning.

Drawbacks of the Project-Based Teaching Method or Technique

It Takes a Long Time and Requires Good Classroom Management Skills (Organizing and Controlling the Use of Equipment).
Students who have never worked in a group may have trouble changing their roles and coming to an agreement.

10. Students-Centered Teaching Method or Technique

The constructive approach to education is another name for the students-centered teaching method or technique. The concept of a student-centered approach has grown in popularity due to the development of society as a whole and the educational sector. There are good reasons for this. Classrooms that are student-centered involve students in planning, implementation, and evaluation.

When students are involved in these decisions, they take on more responsibility and ownership than the teacher does. Additionally, teachers must become accustomed to the shift from directive to consultative leadership. In the meantime, students can freely move around the classroom, access centers, and work in small groups.

Advantages of the Students-Centered Teaching Method or Technique

Students develop a sense of responsibility and participate more actively in their education.
According to American educational psychologist J. Brophy, students have the opportunity to stimulate their analytical thinking by "making sense of what they are learning by relating it to prior knowledge and by discussing it with others" because teachers avoid directly transmitting information to them.

Disadvantages of the Students-Centered Teaching Method or Technique

Giving students independence runs the risk of causing some behavioral issues, especially with young children. Teachers must establish a model of appropriate behavior in order to avoid such issues: Being prepared to take responsibility for the process and the outcomes is necessary to have the freedom to do what you want.
When the teacher makes the lesson interesting, this method works best. Without this, students may become disinterested, their thoughts may wander, and crucial information may be missed.