Cell Division (Mitosis & Meiosis) in Biology
a) Energy production
b) Structural support
c) Waste elimination
d) Communication
2. Which cellular process is essential for the repair of damaged tissues in multicellular organisms?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Respiration
c) Mitosis
d) Transcription
3. In cellular reproduction, what is the function of DNA replication?
a) Energy synthesis
b) Genetic diversity
c) Chromosome duplication
d) Protein synthesis
4. What is the significance of cellular reproduction in the growth of an organism?
a) Increases cell size
b) Maintains homeostasis
c) Produces specialized cells
d) Increases the number of cells
5. Which cellular process is crucial for the transmission of genetic information to offspring?
a) Translation
b) Meiosis
c) Cell differentiation
d) Endocytosis
6. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense and become visible?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
7. In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
8. The phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes de-condense is:
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
9. What is the correct order of mitotic phases?
a) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase
c) Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase
d) Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase, Metaphase
10. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
11. What is the primary event that occurs during prophase of mitosis?
a) Chromatin condensation
b) Cell membrane formation
c) DNA replication
d) Cytokinesis
12. Which structure is responsible for organizing and separating the duplicated chromosomes in prophase?
a) Centrosome
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Lysosome
13. During prophase, what is the name of the protein fibers that extend from the centrosomes and aid in chromosome movement?
a) Tubulin
b) Actin
c) Myosin
d) Keratin
14. What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase of mitosis?
a) Disintegrates
b) Expands
c) Undergoes replication
d) Remains unchanged
15. In prophase, how many chromatids does a duplicated chromosome consist of?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
16. What characterizes the metaphase stage of mitosis?
a) Chromosomes replicate
b) Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
c) Nucleus divides
d) Cell membrane forms
17. What is the significance of metaphase in mitosis?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) DNA replication occurs
c) Ensures even distribution of chromosomes
d) Formation of daughter cells
18. During metaphase, what structures attach chromosomes to the spindle fibers?
a) Centrioles
b) Centromeres
c) Chromatids
d) Nucleoli
19. What is the correct sequence of mitotic phases, including metaphase?
a) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase
c) Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase, Metaphase
d) Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase
20. What happens to the nuclear envelope during metaphase of mitosis?
a) Disintegrates
b) Forms a double membrane
c) Condenses into chromosomes
d) Expands
21. What characterizes the anaphase stage of mitosis?
a. Chromosomes condense
b. Nucleus disintegrates
c. Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
d. Cell membrane pinches inward
22. What is the significance of anaphase in cell division?
a. DNA replication
b. Chromosome alignment
c. Equal distribution of genetic material
d. Formation of a new nucleus
23. Which structure ensures the separation of chromatids during anaphase?
a. Centriole
b. Spindle fiber
c. Nucleolus
d. Golgi apparatus
24. What is the outcome of anaphase in terms of chromosome count?
a. Doubled chromosome count
b. Halved chromosome count
c. Unchanged chromosome count
d. Variable chromosome count
25. During anaphase, what forces contribute to the movement of chromatids towards opposite poles?
a. Centrifugal forces
b. Cytoskeletal contraction
c. Microtubule depolymerization
d. Nucleus expansion
26. What characterizes the telophase of mitosis?
a. Chromosomes condense
b. Nuclear envelope breaks down
c. Spindle fibers disassemble
d. Sister chromatids separate
27. What happens to the nuclear envelope during telophase?
a. It dissolves
b. It forms
c. It remains unchanged
d. It shrinks
28. During telophase, what occurs to the chromatin in the cell?
a. Condensation
b. Decondensation
c. Replication
d. Translocation
29. Which statement is true about cytokinesis in relation to telophase?
a. Cytokinesis precedes telophase
b. Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with telophase
c. Cytokinesis follows telophase
d. Cytokinesis is unrelated to telophase
30. What happens during Anaphase of Meiosis-I?
a) Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
b) Homologous chromosomes pair up
c) Nuclear membrane reforms
d) Centromeres divide unevenly
31. Which structure is responsible for pulling chromatids apart during Anaphase-I?
a) Centriole
b) Centromere
c) Spindle fibers
d) Nuclear envelope
32. What is the ploidy of cells at the end of Anaphase-I in Meiosis?
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Tetraploid
d) Triploid
33. In Anaphase-I, the reduction in chromosome number is due to:
a) Separation of sister chromatids
b) Crossing over
c) Independent assortment
d) Synapsis
34. During Anaphase-I, what ensures genetic diversity in daughter cells?
a) Separation of homologous chromosomes
b) Fusion of sister chromatids
c) Formation of new centromeres
d) Replication of DNA
35. What characterizes the metaphase of Meiosis-I?
a) Chromosomes align at the cell equator
b) Homologous chromosomes separate
c) Chromatids condense into chromosomes
d) All of them
36. During metaphase of Meiosis-I, what ensures proper chromosome segregation?
a) Synapsis
b) Crossing over
c) Spindle fibers
d) None of them
37. What is the significance of independent assortment during metaphase of Meiosis-I?
a) It results in genetic diversity
b) It ensures chromosome replication
c) It promotes cell division
d) All of them
38. What is the primary purpose of prophase in Meiosis-I?
a. Chromosome separation
b. DNA replication
c. Homologous recombination
d. Cell division
39. During prophase of Meiosis-I, what significant event occurs involving homologous chromosomes?
a. Synapsis and crossing over
b. DNA condensation
c. Cytokinesis
d. Centriole duplication
40. Which statement accurately describes the state of chromosomes in prophase I of Meiosis?
a. Chromosomes are single-stranded
b. Chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids
c. Chromosomes are uncoiled and dispersed
d. Chromosomes are replicated but paired with homologous chromosomes
41. What is the role of the spindle fibers during prophase I of Meiosis?
a. Separation of chromatids
b. Formation of the nuclear envelope
c. Movement of chromosomes to the cell equator
d. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
42. Which of the following is a characteristic specific to prophase I of Meiosis as opposed to prophase of Mitosis?
a. Formation of a cleavage furrow
b. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
c. Centriole duplication
d. Alignment of chromosomes at the cell equator
43. What characterizes the telophase of Meiosis-I in cell division?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Homologous chromosomes separate
c) Nuclear envelope reforms
d) DNA replication occurs
44. What is the chromosome number in each daughter cell at the end of Meiosis-I telophase?
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Tetraploid
d) Triploid
45. During telophase of Meiosis-I, what is the arrangement of chromatids in the newly forming cells?
a) Single chromatid per cell
b) Paired chromatids per cell
c) Tetrad formation
d) Chromatids are not present
46. What precedes telophase in Meiosis-I?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Interphase
47. What ensures genetic diversity during Meiosis-I telophase?
a) DNA replication
b) Crossing over
c) Chromosome condensation
d) Homologous chromosome pairing
48. What is the primary function of prophase in Meiosis-II?
a) Chromosome replication
b) Chromosome condensation
c) Cell membrane formation
d) DNA transcription
49. During prophase of Meiosis-II, what happens to the nuclear envelope?
a) Disappears
b) Doubles in size
c) Forms a second layer
d) Remains unchanged
50. What is the configuration of chromosomes during prophase of Meiosis-II?
a) Single chromatid
b) Double chromatid
c) Homologous pairs
d) Tetrad formation
51. Which cellular structures are responsible for organizing the spindle fibers during prophase of Meiosis-II?
a) Centrosomes
b) Ribosomes
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Mitochondria
52. What is the major difference between prophase of Meiosis-I and Meiosis-II?
a) Chromosome condensation
b) Crossing over
c) Homologous chromosome separation
d) DNA replication
53. What characterizes the metaphase stage of Meiosis II in cell division?
a. Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
b. Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope dissolves
c. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
d. Centromeres split, and chromatids migrate to opposite poles
54. During metaphase II of Meiosis, what ensures proper chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate?
a. Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
b. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes
c. Chromosomes undergo further condensation
d. Homologous chromosomes pair up
55. How does the chromosome number compare between the beginning and end of metaphase II in Meiosis?
a. Doubles
b. Halves
c. Remains the same
d. Quadruples
56. What is the consequence of a failure in chromosome segregation during metaphase II?
a. Formation of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers
b. Increased genetic diversity
c. Cytokinesis failure
d. Initiation of the S phase
57. Which cellular structure plays a crucial role in organizing and separating chromosomes during metaphase II?
a. Nucleolus
b. Centrosome
c. Endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi apparatus
58. What characterizes the anaphase of Meiosis-II in cell division?
a. Homologous chromosomes separate
b. Sister chromatids separate
c. Nucleus divides into two
d. Cytokinesis occurs
59. What is the result of anaphase-II in Meiosis?
a. Haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes
b. Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes
c. Diploid cells with duplicated chromosomes
d. Diploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes
60. During anaphase-II, what ensures proper chromosome segregation?
a. Synapsis
b. Crossing over
c. Spindle fibers
d. Homologous recombination
61. How does the number of chromosomes in the resulting cells compare to the original cell in anaphase-II?
a. Doubled
b. Halved
c. Unchanged
d. Tripled
62. What is the significance of Meiosis-II in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms?
a. Generates genetic diversity
b. Maintains chromosome number
c. Produces identical cells
d. Forms gametes
63. What characterizes telophase of Meiosis-II?
a) Chromosomes condense
b) Chromatids separate
c) Nuclei reform
d) Homologous chromosomes align
64. What happens to the chromosome number during telophase of Meiosis-II?
a) Doubles
b) Halves
c) Remains the same
d) Triples
65. Which cellular structures are responsible for the separation of chromatids during telophase of Meiosis-II?
a) Centrosomes
b) Centromeres
c) Spindle fibers
d) Golgi apparatus
66. At the end of telophase II, how many cells are formed from a single cell that entered Meiosis?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
67. What is the ploidy of cells produced at the end of telophase II?
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) Tetraploid
68. What is the primary purpose of somatic cell division?
a) Genetic recombination
b) Reproduction
c) Growth and tissue repair
d) Gamete formation
69. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
70. What is the checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures DNA integrity before cell division proceeds?
a) G1 checkpoint
b) S checkpoint
c) G2 checkpoint
d) M checkpoint
71. Which protein is responsible for regulating the progression through the cell cycle by monitoring DNA damage and initiating repair processes?
a) Cyclin
b) CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase)
c) p53
d) Rb (Retinoblastoma protein)
72. During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
73. What is the end result of mitosis?
a) Production of gametes
b) Halving the chromosome number
c) Formation of two genetically identical daughter cells
d) Genetic recombination
74. Which of the following is a component of the cell cycle regulatory proteins that activates CDKs and promotes cell cycle progression?
a) Cyclin
b) p53
c) Rb
d) DNA polymerase
75. What is the primary purpose of cell division in medicine?
a) Tissue repair
b) Energy production
c) Immune response
d) Genetic continuity
76. Which phase of the cell cycle is crucial for DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
77. Why is mitosis essential in medicine?
a) To generate genetic diversity
b) For energy production
c) For growth and tissue maintenance
d) To produce antibodies
78. What role does meiosis play in medicine?
a) Tissue repair
b) Formation of gametes (sperm and egg)
c) Immune response
d) Hormone production
79. In which medical condition is uncontrolled cell division a hallmark?
a) Diabetes
b) Cancer
c) Osteoporosis
d) Alzheimer's disease
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