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ACIDS, BASES, & SALTS IN CHEMISTRY


What is the Role of Acids, Bases, & Salts in Chemistry

Acids, bases, and salts are chemical substances that play a very significant role in our daily life. They control our digestive system, make enzymes work well, keep our blood's pH level stable, cook food, clean our homes, wash our clothes, and make medicines that save lives. 

Similarly, acids, bases, and salts help us make detergents, polymers, and fertilizers, extract important metals like gold, dye clothes, and make things from leather and animal skin. Let's now read and know them in detail. 



What is an Acid?

Acid comes from the Latin word acidus, which means "sour."Acids react with bases and some metals (like calcium) to form salts, which have a sour taste and can turn blue litmus red. A lower pH indicates a higher acidity and, as a result, a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. 

An aqueous solution of an acid is also commonly referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), whereas the strict definition only refers to the solute. Acidic substances or chemicals are those that possess the acidic property. A Bransted–Lowry acid is a molecule or ion that is capable of either donating a proton (a hydrogen ion, H+) or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).  



The proton donors, or Bransted–Lowry acids, make up the first group of acids. Proton donors, also known as Arrhenius acids, give rise to the hydronium ion H3O+ in the unique context of aqueous solutions. The Arrhenius theory was expanded by Branstad and Lowry to include solvents that are not water-soluble. 

Hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride that activates digestive enzymes in gastric acid), acetic acid (vintage vinegar is a diluted aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid are all common aqueous acids. 
 


These examples demonstrate that acids can be derived from acids that are solids, liquids, or gases in the strict sense and can be solutions or pure substances in common sense. Corrosive are both concentrated weak acids and strong acids, with the exception of carboranes and boric acid. 

Lewis acids belong to the second group of acids because they form a covalent bond with an electron pair. Boron trifluoride (BF3), for instance, has a boron atom with a vacant orbital that can share a lone pair of electrons with an atom in a base, such as the nitrogen atom in ammonia (NH3), to form a covalent bond.


What is a Base?

In chemistry, a base is any substance that, in a solution of water, is slippery to the touch, has a bitter taste, changes the color of indicators (for example, turns red litmus paper blue), reacts with acids to form salts, and encourages certain chemical reactions (base catalysis). 

The hydroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, calcium, and so on, are examples of bases including ammonia or its organic derivatives (amines) in water solutions. In water solutions, these substances produce hydroxide ions (OH-) (see Arrhenius theory).
 



Since bases lower the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) in water, they are regarded as chemical opposites to acids because acids increase the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) in water. 

Neutralization occurs when aqueous solutions of an acid and a base react to form a salt-water solution in which the salt separates into its component ions. Any additional salt that is present in the solution precipitates out of the solution when a given salt solute is saturated in the aqueous solution. 


Examples of Salts

  • Barium hydroxide           Ba(OH)2
  • Calcium hydroxide           Ca(OH)2
  • Cesium hydroxide           CsOH
  • Lithium hydroxide           LiOH
  • Magnesium hydroxide       Mg(OH)2
  • Potassium hydroxide   KOH
  • Sodium amide                  NaNH2
  • Sodium hydride                 NaH
  • Sodium hydroxide           NaOH


What is a Salt?

In chemistry, salt is a chemical substance made when an acid and a base react and bond with each other. The positive ion (cation) of a base and the negative ion (anion) of an acid make up a salt. A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base react.  

Additionally, sodium chloride, also known as common table salt, is referred to as salt. The majority of salts are excellent electrolytes because they are completely dissociated into negatively and positively charged ions when in a solution or molten state. There are many ways to classify salts. 

Alkali salts are those that dissolve in water and produce hydroxide ions, while acid salts are those that dissolve in water and produce hydrogen ions. The salts that are neither basic nor acidic are called neutral salts. Amino acids, numerous metabolites, peptides, and proteins are all examples of zwitterions. 



Formation of Salts

Following are the ways by which salts are framed after a course of the substance response between a corrosive and a base.

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