Skip to main content

Virus and Bacteria Solved MCQs

Virus and Bacteria in Biological Sciences 

Virus and Bacteria


1. What is a virus?

   a) A type of bacteria  
   b) A non-living infectious agent  
   c) A unicellular organism  
   d) A plant-based pathogen  


2. How do viruses reproduce?

   a) Binary fission  
   b) Mitosis  
   c) Meiosis  
   d) Hijacking host cell machinery  


3. Which of the following is NOT a viral disease?

   a) Influenza  
   b) Tuberculosis  
   c) COVID-19  
   d) HIV/AIDS  


4. What is the outer covering of a virus called?

   a) Cell wall  
   b) Capsid  
   c) Nucleus  
   d) Membrane  

 
5. What does the acronym RNA stand for in the context of viruses?

   a) Ribonucleic Acid  
   b) Retrograde Nucleotide Assembly  
   c) Replication Nucleic Acid  
   d) Respiratory Nucleotide Array  


6. What type of virus is known for infecting executable files and spreading through software programs?

a) Trojan Horse  
b) Boot Sector Virus  
c) Macro Virus  
d) Worm


7. Which type of virus disguises itself as a legitimate program but actually performs malicious actions in the background?

a) Spyware  
b) Adware  
c) Ransomware  
d) Trojan Horse


8. What is a characteristic of a macro virus?

a) Spreads through infected software  
b) Exploits vulnerabilities in web browsers  
c) Infects document files containing macros  
d) Targets the computer's boot sector


9. Which virus is specifically designed to replicate and spread across computer networks?

a) Worm  
b) Boot Sector Virus  
c) Macro Virus  
d) Ransomware


10. What type of virus encrypts files on a victim's computer and demands payment for their release?

a) Adware  
b) Ransomware  
c) Spyware  
d) Rootkit


11. What is the primary method of reproduction in viruses?

   a) Binary fission
   b) Mitosis
   c) Budding
   d) Meiosis


12. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle in viral reproduction?

a) Integration of viral DNA into host genome
b) Release of new viruses without causing cell lysis
c) Destruction of the host cell
d) Coexistence with the host cell


13. What is the role of reverse transcriptase in certain viruses during reproduction?

  a) Synthesizing viral RNA
  b) Transcribing host DNA
  c) Converting viral RNA into DNA
  d) Inhibiting host cell division


14. How do enveloped viruses acquire their envelope during the budding process?

a) From the host cell's membrane
b) Through synthesis within the viral capsid
c) By stealing it from other viruses
d) Envelopes are not involved in viral reproduction


15. Which phase of the viral life cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host cell's genome?

 a) Attachment
 b) Penetration
 c) Latency
 d) Maturation


16. What is the primary causative agent of COVID-19?

   a) Influenza virus
   b) Coronavirus
   c) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
   d) Dengue virus


17. Which of the following diseases is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito?

   a) Influenza
   b) Tuberculosis
   c) Malaria
   d) Dengue fever


18. What is the mode of transmission for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

   a) Airborne
   b) Sexual contact
   c) Waterborne
   d) Vector-borne


19. Which viral infection is characterized by a distinctive red rash and high fever?

   a) Measles
   b) Tuberculosis
   c) Hepatitis B
   d) Typhoid


20. What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting malaria?

   a) Tsetse fly
   b) Anopheles mosquito
   c) Aedes mosquito
   d) Culex mosquito


21. Which organ is primarily affected by the Hepatitis B virus?

   a) Lungs
   b) Liver
   c) Kidneys
   d) Heart


22. The common cold is often caused by which type of virus?

   a) Rhinovirus
   b) Coronavirus
   c) Influenza virus
   d) Herpes virus


23. What is the main route of transmission for the Zika virus?

   a) Sexual contact
   b) Mosquito bites
   c) Contaminated food
   d) Airborne


24. Which disease is caused by the Varicella-zoster virus?

   a) Chickenpox
   b) Tuberculosis
   c) Cholera
   d) Yellow fever


25. What is the causative agent of Ebola virus disease?

   a) Filovirus
   b) Flavivirus
   c) Paramyxovirus
   d) Retrovirus


26. What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?

   a) Treat viral infections  
   b) Prevent bacterial infections  
   c) Boost the immune system  
   d) Alleviate symptoms of allergies  


27. Which of the following is a viral disease?
   
   a) Tuberculosis  
   b) Influenza  
   c) Staphylococcus infection  
   d) Lyme disease  


28. What is the MMR vaccine primarily used to prevent?

   a) Measles, Mumps, and Rubella  
   b) Malaria, Mumps, and Rheumatism  
   c) Measles, Measles, and Rabies  
   d) Mumps, Malaria, and Rubella  


29. Which viral infection is prevented by the Hepatitis B vaccine?

   a) Hepatitis C  
   b) Hepatitis A  
   c) Hepatitis B  
   d) Hepatitis D  


30. What is the common name for the Varicella vaccine?

   a) Chickenpox vaccine  
   b) Polio vaccine  
   c) Tetanus vaccine  
   d) Hepatitis A vaccine  


31. The HPV vaccine is designed to prevent infections that can lead to:

   a) Influenza  
   b) Cervical cancer  
   c) Tuberculosis  
   d) Chickenpox  


32. Which of the following vaccines is administered to prevent yellow fever?

   a) Typhoid vaccine  
   b) Yellow fever vaccine  
   c) Cholera vaccine  
   d) Dengue fever vaccine  


33. The pneumococcal vaccine is primarily aimed at preventing infections caused by:

   a) Viruses  
   b) Bacteria  
   c) Fungi  
   d) Parasites  


34. What does the acronym HIV stand for?

   a) Human Influenza Virus  
   b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus  
   c) Hepatitis Infection Vaccine  
   d) Herpes Invasive Variant  

   
35. Which viral disease has been successfully eradicated worldwide through vaccination efforts?

   a) Polio  
   b) Smallpox  
   c) Measles  
   d) Tuberculosis  


36. What is the primary structure that provides bacteria with their shape and rigidity?

   a) Cell membrane  
   b) Ribosome  
   c) Cell wall  
   d) Nucleus  


37. Which of the following bacteria shapes is characterized by a spherical structure?

   a) Bacillus  
   b) Spirillum  
   c) Coccus  
   d) Vibrio  


38. What is the term for the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing into two identical cells?

   a) Conjugation  
   b) Binary fission  
   c) Transformation  
   d) Transduction  


39. Which of the following bacteria is known for its ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperatures?

   a) Escherichia coli (E. coli)  
   b) Thermotoga  
   c) Streptococcus  
   d) Pseudomonas  


40. What is the function of pili in bacteria?

   a) Cellular respiration  
   b) DNA transfer during conjugation  
   c) Protein synthesis  
   d) Flagellar movement  

 
41. Which bacterial structure is responsible for locomotion and movement?

   a) Capsule  
   b) Flagellum  
   c) Plasmid  
   d) Endospore  

   
42. What is the role of the capsule in some bacteria?

   a) Protection against antibiotics  
   b) Facilitating cell division  
   c) Nutrient absorption  
   d) Evasion of immune system defenses  

  
43. Which of the following is an example of a Gram-negative bacteria?

   a) Staphylococcus aureus  
   b) Escherichia coli (E. coli)  
   c) Clostridium botulinum  
   d) Bacillus subtilis  


44. What is the purpose of endospores in bacteria?

   a) Reproduction  
   b) Protection during harsh conditions  
   c) Oxygen production  
   d) Energy storage  

   
45. Which bacterial process involves the transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through direct contact?

   a) Transduction  
   b) Transformation  
   c) Conjugation  
   d) Replication  


46. What is the primary shape of cocci bacteria?

   a. Rod-shaped
   b. Spiral
   c. Spherical
   d. Cuboidal


47. Which of the following bacteria is known for its helical shape?

   a. Escherichia coli
   b. Bacillus subtilis
   c. Helicobacter pylori
   d. Staphylococcus aureus


48. What is the distinguishing feature of bacilli bacteria?

   a. Clusters
   b. Chains
   c. Pairs
   d. Singular rods


49. Cyanobacteria are characterized by their ability to:

   a. Fix nitrogen
   b. Photosynthesize
   c. Produce spores
   d. Parasitize other bacteria


50. Which bacteria are commonly found in soil and play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation?

   a. Nitrospirae
   b. Actinobacteria
   c. Firmicutes
   d. Cyanobacteria


51. What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

  a) Mitosis
  b) Meiosis
  c) Binary fission
  d) Budding


52. What is the main purpose of bacterial conjugation?

  a) Genetic recombination
  b) Asexual reproduction
  c) Spore formation
  d) Cellular respiration


53. Which of the following structures is involved in the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation?

  a) Flagellum
  b) Pili
  c) Capsule
  d) Plasmid


54. In bacterial reproduction, what is the result of binary fission?

  a) Two identical daughter cells
  b) Four genetically different cells
  c) One daughter cell and one spore
  d) Multiple daughter cells


55. What role do endospores play in bacterial reproduction?

a) They facilitate conjugation 
b) They are a result of binary fission
c) They enable bacteria to survive harsh conditions
d) They promote genetic diversity

  
56. What is the primary cause of tuberculosis?

   a. Virus  
   b. Bacteria  
   c. Fungus  
   d. Parasite


57. Which bacterium is responsible for causing strep throat?

   a. Escherichia coli  
   b. Streptococcus pyogenes  
   c. Staphylococcus aureus  
   d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis


58. What bacterial infection is commonly associated with contaminated food or water?
 
   a. Tetanus  
   b. Cholera  
   c. Tuberculosis  
   d. Syphilis


59. Which bacteria is known for causing urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

   a. Salmonella  
   b. Escherichia coli  
   c. Clostridium difficile  
   d. Helicobacter pylori


60. What bacterial infection can be prevented through vaccination with the BCG vaccine?

   a. Tetanus  
   b. Tuberculosis  
   c. Diphtheria  
   d. Pertussis

  
61. Which bacterium is associated with the development of stomach ulcers?

   a. Helicobacter pylori  
   b. Streptococcus pneumoniae  
   c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae  
   d. Clostridium botulinum


62. What bacterial disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick?

   a. Lyme disease  
   b. Tuberculosis  
   c. Typhoid fever  
   d. Malaria


63. Which bacterial infection can lead to severe muscle spasms and respiratory failure?

   a. Tetanus  
   b. Legionnaires' disease  
   c. Anthrax  
   d. Leprosy

 
64. What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

   a. Treponema pallidum  
   b. Neisseria gonorrhoeae  
   c. Haemophilus influenzae  
   d. Bordetella pertussis

  
65. Which bacterial infection is commonly associated with contaminated wounds and can produce a potent neurotoxin?

   a. Botulism  
   b. Tetanus  
   c. Anthrax  
   d. Leprosy


66. What is the primary purpose of bacterial vaccines?

a) Treat bacterial infections  
b) Prevent bacterial infections  
c) Boost the immune system  
d) None of the above  


67. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial vaccine?

a) MMR  
b) Influenza  
c) Tetanus  
d) Hepatitis B  


68. How do bacterial vaccines typically work?

a) By directly killing bacteria  
b) By boosting the body's immune response to bacteria  
c) By providing antibiotics  
d) By replacing damaged tissues  


69. Which bacterial vaccine is commonly administered to prevent pneumonia and meningitis in infants?

a) DTaP  
b) Hib  
c) HPV  
d) MMR  


70. What is the purpose of a booster shot in bacterial vaccination?

a) To enhance the vaccine's flavor  
b) To provide additional protection over time  
c) To reduce side effects  
d) To replace expired vaccines  


71. Which bacterial vaccine is recommended for individuals traveling to regions with a high risk of typhoid fever?

a) Hepatitis B  
b) Typhoid  
c) Meningococcal  
d) Pneumococcal  


72. What is the recommended age for receiving the HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccine?

a) Infancy  
b) Adolescence  
c) Adulthood  
d) Elderly  


73. Which bacterial vaccine is commonly administered in a series of five doses during childhood to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis?

a) MMR  
b) DTaP  
c) Hepatitis A  
d) Varicella  


74. What is a common side effect of bacterial vaccines?

a) Temporary soreness at the injection site  
b) Permanent immunity  
c) Allergic reactions  
d) Vision impairment  


75. What is the primary role of beneficial bacteria in the human digestive system?

   a) Cause infections
   b) Break down food and aid in digestion
   c) Produce toxins
   d) None of the above

   
76. Which of the following is an example of beneficial bacteria used in the fermentation of dairy products?

   a) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
   b) Salmonella
   c) Lactobacillus bulgaricus
   d) Staphylococcus aureus

 
77. Beneficial bacteria play a crucial role in:

   a) Causing diseases
   b) Environmental pollution
   c) Nitrogen fixation in soil
   d) None of the above

   
78. How do beneficial bacteria contribute to the health of plants?

   a) By causing plant diseases
   b) By enhancing nutrient absorption
   c) By reducing water intake
   d) None of the above

 
79. In wastewater treatment, beneficial bacteria are used for:

   a) Increasing pollution
   b) Breaking down organic matter
   c) Killing aquatic life
   d) None of the above


80. Why are bacterial vaccines considered a crucial component of public health?

a) They are cost-effective  
b) They prevent the spread of infectious diseases  
c) They eliminate the need for antibiotics  
d) They enhance the taste of food  




Labels:
Location: Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Comments

Post a Comment

Most Read Blogs

Single National Curriculum (SNC): Its Pros & Cons

Single National Curriculum 2020  Background Pakistan is a multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and multi-ethnic country where around 74 different languages are spoken. Out of these 74 different languages, 66 languages are indigenous while the remaining 8 are non-indigenous. Urdu is the national language while English is the official language of Pakistan.  Similarly, Pakistan is the thick and second-largest Muslim-populated country in the world. Approximately 96.5% (≈210 million) people are Muslims, out of which around 85-90% are Sunni and the remaining are the Shia sect Muslims.  These two major sects are further subdivided into different groups on the basis of their particular schools of the so-called Islam ic law. On the other hand Pakistani nation is divided on the basis of political parties, ethnicity, sectarianism, culture, customs, traditions, rituals, socio-economics, and educational differences.  The current government has therefore developed and devised Single N...
5 comments
Read more

School, Community, and Teacher (B.Ed Honours Course)

School, Community, & Teacher  (SCT) in the Context of Teacher Education (B.Ed Honours Course) Background The triad of school, community, and teacher (SCT) forms a critical intersection within the educational landscape, creating an integrated ecosystem essential for fostering a healthy and sustainable teaching and learning environment . In the realm of teacher education, the terms school, teacher, and community carry multifaceted meanings that vary depending on contextual factors. To fully comprehend the overarching goals and objectives of teacher education, it is imperative to explore the synergies and intersections inherent in this SCT framework. In this discussion, we will examine each component of the SCT triad in detail, while also considering related concepts that enrich our understanding of this complex interplay. By unpacking these terms, we aim to illuminate their significance and the ways in which they collectively contribute to a robust educational experience. The sch...
Post a Comment
Read more

Definition and Scope of Statistics (Quantitative Reasoning Course)

Quantitative Reasoning Course for BS Honours Level Students  Definition and Scope of Statistics Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organisation of data. It provides tools and methods to make sense of numerical information, identify patterns, draw inferences, and make informed decisions under uncertainty. The scope of statistics is broad and interdisciplinary: Descriptive Statistics : Summarises and describes the features of a dataset, such as calculating means, medians, or creating charts to visualise data. Inferential Statistics : Uses sample data to make generalisations or predictions about a larger population, often involving hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and regression analysis. Applied Fields : Extends to economics (e.g., forecasting trends), biology (e.g., clinical trials), social sciences (e.g., surveys), engineering (e.g., quality control), and data science (e.g., machine learning m...
Post a Comment
Read more

Quantitative Reasoning: Statistics and its Relevance in the Context of BS English/Education Course

Introduction to Quantitative Reasoning Course   Quantitative Reasoning (QR) is an ability and an academic skill to use mathematical concepts and procedures. QR often involves interpretation of empirical and numerical data, identification of patterns, flow charts, geometrical shapes, and diagrams for identifying real life problems including offering viable solutions.  QR requires logical reasoning and critical thinking to analyse the real life issues and making informed decisions. Learners often require to have some basic knowledge about statistics numeracy, quantitative values, ratio as well as descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Hence, in order to have reasonable grasp on QR, learners require to have the basic knowledge about Statistics. In simple words, Statistics plays a very pivotal role in understanding Quantitative Reasoning. What is Statistics? Statistics is one of the Branches of Applied Mathematics or  science of collecting, organising, analysing,...
Post a Comment
Read more

Quantitative Reasoning Statistical Basics

Measures of Central Tendency Measures of central tendency are the specific statistical values which describe the typical values or central position of a dataset. The three most common single statistical values include Mean, Median and Mode.  Arithmetic Mean : Average of all values (sum divided by count). Geometric Mean : nth root of the product of values (used for growth rates). Harmonic Mean : The Reciprocal of the average of reciprocals (used for rates like speed). Median : Middle value when data is ordered. Quartiles : Values dividing data into four equal parts (Q1=25th, Q2=50th=median, Q3=75th percentile). Mode : Most frequent value. Measures of Dispersion Range : Difference between maximum and minimum values. Quartile Deviation : Half the interquartile range (Q3 - Q1)/2. Mean Deviation : Average absolute deviation from the mean. Variance : Average squared deviation from the mean. Standard Deviation : Square root of variance (spread in original units). Coefficient of Varia...
Post a Comment
Read more

Dilema of Democracy & Political Leadership Crisis in Pakistan

Dilemma of Democracy & Political Leadership Crisis in Pakistan Overview Since mid 20th century,  Democracy is being considered the most accomplished process and a form of government where only people’s representatives have the right and authority to run the affairs of the state including forming certain constitutional rules and regulations.  Through democracy, people choose their representatives following a well-defined system of voting. The elected representatives then govern the affairs of the state on behalf of their people for a certain period of time (usually 4 to 5 years).  These representatives actually ensure the authority and rule of law for their people in the larger interests of any nation, state, or country. On the other hand, they are also held accountable and responsible for their actions and exercising of the powers within certain limitations as defined in the constitution or legislated through parliament.  Although Pakistan is a pure democratic...
Post a Comment
Read more

Sampling Techniques

Sampling Techniques: Quantitative Reasoning Course for BS Honours Level Students  Sampling technique involves selecting a subset of a population to study, enabling researchers to draw quantitative, qualitative and mixed conclusions about the larger group without studying everyone.  In Linguistics and Education or in any other field of study, sampling is crucial because populations (e.g., language speakers, students, teachers, customers,  users, and viewers etc.) are often large and diverse, making it impractical to study every individual.  The choice of sampling technique impacts the study’s validity, generalisability, and feasibility. Types of Sampling Techniques Basically, there are two main types of sampling techniques that are further subdivided. Both of these types including subtypes are explained below with examples. 1. Probability Sampling (Random-based, ensures every unit has a known chance of selection) Simple Random Sampling : Every individual in the popul...
Post a Comment
Read more

AFGHANISTAN CRISES: WHERE DOES PAKISTAN STAND?

Afghanistan Crises and Pakistan  Background According to history, Afghanistan has remained a war zone and a plan to invade central and south Asia for a long time. All of the invaders' troops entered South Asia through Afghanistan, from the Aryans to the Mughals. Afghanistan was the target of two major invasions in recent history. The former Soviet Union (USSR) launched its first invasion in December 1979, which lasted until 1989 and culminated in the dissolution of the Soviet Union into a number of distinct states. However, a significant portion of the formal USSR's territory, now known as the Russian Federation, is still there. As a result of the so-called September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, the United States of America (USA) and its NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) allies, including Great Britain, launched the second invasion in 2001. Al-Qaeda's leader, Usama Bin Ladin, was allegedly blamed for the 9/11 attacks and claims that Al-Qa...
Post a Comment
Read more

Sampling Techniques, Distribution, CLT, Hypothesis Testing Basics, Z-Test, T-Test, ANOVA, Chi-Square, Regression Analysis

Sampling Techniques, Distribution, CLT, Hypothesis Testing Basics, Z-Test , T-Test , ANOVA , Chi-Square , Regression Analysis , etc. (Quantitative Reasoning Course for BS/ B.Ed Hons Level) The fundamental concepts of inferential statistics form a logical progression: we begin by selecting a representative sample , describe its distribution , use the Central Limit Theorem to justify normal-based methods, frame hypotheses, and finally apply the appropriate parametric or non-parametric test to make evidence-based conclusions about the population. Below is a rewritten, student-friendly overview that emphasises how each topic builds on the previous one , with clear illustrations, formulas, decision rules, and real-life examples suitable for undergraduate honours students. 1. Sampling Techniques & Sampling Distribution 🪚 Sampling Techniques:  Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population to make statistical inferences. The goal is to obta...
Post a Comment
Read more

SWOT Analysis within the Context of Education

 SWOT Analysis in Education for Curriculum Development, Classroom Management, and Planning Introduction   It was the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) which coined the term SWOT Analysis during the 1960s. Initially, the term was used for business management consultancy but later on, researchers and professionals started using it in different fields mainly for planning purposes. SWOT  analysis is a strategic planning tool or a framework which is used to identify and evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to an organization or a specific project including setting its standing operating procedures (SOPs).  It is widely used in business studies, politics, strategic military planning, think tanks, policy-making, international relations, socio-economic as well as socio-political dimensions, and education etc. Similarly, in the context of education, SWOT analysis provides a very comprehensive framework for assessing various aspects of educat...
Post a Comment
Read more